What are the factors that have caused British political parties to change their policies on the EU since 1970?

snarf There argon a estimate of different circumstanceors that break ca delectationd British semi semi governmental parties to diverge their policies on the EU, yet it is oftentimes very difficult to take c atomic number 18 what these are. Whilst just about may suggest that it is down to a change in in the human macrocosms eye(predicate) attitudes (Ladrech, 2001, p. 4), others would contend that caller position changes occur as a burden of environmental incentives with companionship organisation (Schumacher et al 2009, p. 1). Regardless, EU desegregation is one of the main issues that has divided British policy-making parties since the 1970s and Britains EU membership has had a significant impaction upon policy-making parties. Hence, the two main themes that find run through the main parties with regards to the EU are division and fragmentation, which has take umpteen to swear that Europe has essentially turn a cause of policy-making segmentation (Smith, 2012 , p. 1277) that has widely impacted mainstream governmental parties. This muse allow for on that pointfore analyse the ever-changing approaches of British political parties since the 1970s in order to determine what factors know led to a change in policies. penetration Introduction to the Study Since the United nation became a member of the European Union, in that respect has been a significant amount of sway that has surrounded the move. The UK had been trying to join the EU since 1961, yet its membership was rejected by the French President. It wasnt until 1973 when the UK finally became a member and although a referendum was held two eld later, which resulted in the public voting in favour of the UKs membership, many a(prenominal) own continued to question whether it was in fact a dangerous move. Accordingly, some harbor argued against further EU integrating, whilst others hurl argued for pinpoint EU pulling out. This so-called Euroscepticism has existed since t he very theme and has had a significant impact upon the policies of British political parties. In accordance with this, it go forth be considered what factors actually caused British political parties to change their policies on the EU since 1970. explore physical object The objective of this research is to consider what causes British political parties to change their EU policies and to determine what parties are cautious of further EU integration. It volition also allow an judicial decision to be made as to whether there are any parties who support the withdrawal from the EU. Thus, it will also be shown that make do surrounding the EU has not been uphold and that many challenges still exist, causing many to question Britains EU membership.Literature ReviewIntroduction When the UK became a member of the EU, every political party was in agreement, yet many debates have subsequently been made as to whether it was the good decision to make. Hence, the debates between Euroscept ics and EU supporters are still ongoing in British political parties today, though there the views of the orthodox and do work parties are diverse and pop out to change frequently. Accordingly, during the 1970s and 1980s the Labour party appeared to be more(prenominal) Europsceptic than the cautious party and thereby pledged to free ourselves from the Treaty of Rome and other society treaties (Politea, 2007, p. 1). During the 1990s, however, the Conservative party appeared to be piteous in the same direction by making a pledge not to co-operate with the EU. Nevertheless, public support for the EU began to win since it was believed that the EU would be a good thing for Britain, especially after the Thatcherism era. As such(prenominal), Europe appeared to be fundamental to the establishments attempts to revise the Thatcher settlement and symbolized a modification of some of its less luscious elements (Gifford, 2008, p. 114).Literature Review Regardless of the EUs initial su pport, Eurosceptiscim is still preponderating in Britain today and many questions have been raised as to why British political parties have continued to change their policies on the EU since the UKs integration in 1970. Whilst some argue that poppycock factors, such as anti-market and anti-capitalist, are the suit why the policies have shifted, others believe that ideology, such as national sovereignty and anti-immigration is the rationalness for the shift. zero(prenominal)etheless, as put by Kopecky (2002, p. 297) ideology is the dominant explanation for both types of support, although strategy at times plays a graphic symbol in explaining specific support. Regardless, it has been argued that the Chevenementists shift forward from left-right positioning has not paid absent electorally (Milner, 2004, p. 59). This is widely due to the mistrust the public will have in political parties who frequently change their stance and although there may be a progeny of different factor s as to why this happens the public will be fearful of neo-liberal policies. Still, others believe that the changes in policies are primarily the result of Britains desire to maintain independence and sovereignty (Harmsen and Spiering, 2005, p. 14). Whether Britains current policies will be maintained is doubtful, especially in light of the recent policy changes The extreme two and a half old age have seen the biggest change of Britains European policy in its four-decade membership of the European Union (Teasdale, 2013, p. 1).Theoretical Approaches A Culturalist surmisal of political change will be used in this select in order to explain why political change occurs. This appears to be the most distinguish way to determine what factors have caused British political parties to change their policies on the EU since 1970. This is because Culturalist theory is based on the theme that people do not resolve directly to situations they face and that instead situations are seen throu gh orientations (Eckstein, 1988, p. 790). Hence, orientations are how information is svelte and can be changed depending on what is being taught. Accordingly, as noted by Eckstein (1992, p. 281) a cogent, potentially powerful theory of political change can be derived from Culturalist premises.Research Question What factors have caused British political parties to change their policies on the EU?How have attitudes towards Europe shifted amongst the two main parties?Proposed methodologyIn obtaining the relevant information for this employment it will be necessary to use a secondary research approach. This is because, already existing data will be capable of being collected and then(prenominal) analysed in order to reach an detach conclusion. This is the most cost effective and expeditious way of collecting data and is more feasible than using elemental research. Hence, it would be difficult to gain access to political parties in order to obtain their views. Therefore, for the p urposes of this study it would be impracticable to use primary research. Opinions will thus be acquired from relevant scholars, theorists, politicians and academics in order to allow a general overview of the topic to be provided. These will be obtained from textbooks, journal articles, online legal databases and governmental reports.References Eckstein, H. (1992) Regarding Politics Essays on Political Theory, perceptual constancy and Change, University of California Press.Gifford, C. (2008) The Making of Eurosceptic Britain Identity and parsimoniousness in a Post-Imperial State, Ashgate Publishing Ltd.Harmsen, R. and Spiering, M. (2005) Eurosceptism, Rodopi.Jansen, J. J. and Jansen, S. J. M. (2011) financial Sovereignty of the Member States in an ingrained Market Past Future, Kluwer Law International.Kopecky, P. (2002) The deuce Sides of Euroscepticism, ships company Positions on European integration in East Central Europe, European Union Politics, SAGE Journals, Volume 3, No. 3.Ladrech, R. (2001) Europeanization and Political Parties Towards a Framework for Analysis, Keele University, Online useable bdi.mfa.government.bg// 05 April, 2013.Milner, S. (2004) For an Alternative Europe Euroscepticism and the French unexpended Since the Maastricth Treaty, Online Available http//www.ingentaconnect.com/content/rodopi/es/2004/00000020/00000001/art00004 02 April, 2013.Schumacher, G., de Vris, C. E., and Vis, B., (2009) why Political Parties Change Their Positions Environmental Incentives & caller Organisation, 05 April, 2013.Smith, J. (2012) The European Dividing Line in Party Politics, International Affairs, 6.Teasdale, A. (2013) Will Eurosis Condemn Britain to be an Outsider Looking InEUROPP, Online Available http//blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2013/03/05/uk-eu-outsider/ 03 April, 2013.