The Four Basic Food Molecules

A molecule is a group of atoms bonded together that represent the smallest unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction. (http://www. dictionary. com) In kitchen chemistry today, there are many types of food molecules such as minerals, vitamins, fiber, and water. But there are four molecules that people refer to as food, also known as the four basic food molecules, which can be used to produce energy which are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and alcohol which is not considered a basic nutritional component of food.Protein is a compound that’s made up of amino acids that are joined by peptide bonds. It is considered the most important molecule which can come in two forms, complete proteins and incomplete proteins. A complete protein includes all of the amino acids that we humans can’t produce ourselves. An incomplete protein only includes small proportion of one or more amino acid.Our bodies can make use all of the amino acids we obtain from foo d for synthesizing new proteins, but the inessential ones don’t need to be supplied because our cells can make them. They play a big role to the structure and function of all living cells and viruses. Many proteins are enzymes or subunits of enzymes. They are very important in our food and our body. One major reason is because they form struts and joints of our skeleton or cytoskeleton. Although many people don’t think proteins are useful and effective they are.A lack of proteins can result in having symptoms such as fatigue which is tiredness and mental exertion, insulin resistance which is a physiological condition where your cells don’t respond to the normal actions of the hormone insulin, hair loss, loss of hair pigment which your hair that should be black becomes reddish black, loss of muscle mass where your proteins repair muscle tissue, low body temperature, hormonal irregularities or even death from not having enough proteins.But be careful not to overdo it on proteins because even though you think having more proteins than usual is good it’s not. Too much protein can cause problems like causing the immune system to overreact, liver dysfunction from toxic residues, and bone loss due to increased acidity in the blood. So All in all, get the right amount of proteins in your body to keep it healthy. Second, is a lipid which is also known as fats. They are a big group of organic compounds that are related by their solubility in nonpolar organic solvents.  (http://www. chemistry. msu. edu).All fats are insoluble in water which means they can’t be dissolved and they have a density meaning most fats float on water. Most fats are mostly made up from triglycerides, and very little monoglycerides and triglycerides are mixed in. Products that have a lot of saturated fats are usually solid at room temperature and the products that have unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature. Saturated fats include all animal fats like milk fat, coconut oil, cocoa fat, and vegetable oil.Both vegetable and animal fats contain saturated and unsaturated fats while some oils contain fats that have a one double bonded carbon in the molecule which is also known as a monounsaturated fats while other fats have a high percentage of polyunsaturated fats which are fats that have more than one double bonded carbon in the molecule. Next we have Carbs which is the next most important molecule in your body because it is the main source of energy. Carbs are polyhydroxy aldehydes, keytones, or compounds that can be hydrolyzed to form compounds.There are two major kinds of carbohydrates; polysaccharides and monosaccharides. A Polysaccharide is a carbohydrate is molecules that consist of a number of sugar molecules bonded together whereas a monosaccharide is any sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed. Carbs that are composed of monosaccharide’s break down under hydrolysis which can also be classified under disaccharides, oligosacch arides, or polysaccharides, depending on how many monosaccharide units are present. Carbs can also be called simple or complex carbohydrates but this depends on their chemical structure.Simple carbohydrates only include sugars that are found in foods like fruits, vegetables, milk, and milk products. They also include sugars that are added during food processing and refining. Complex carbohydrates include whole grain breads and cereals, and starchy vegetables such as green beans, broccoli, peppers, cucumbers, carrots, mushrooms, or celery which are also good sources of fiber. Last, we have vitamins. These are organic compounds that are essential in our diet. They fall into two categories and those categories are fat soluble and water soluble.The fat-soluble vitamins, Vitamins A, D, E, & K all dissolve in fat and can be stored in your body. The water soluble vitamins which are vitamin B & C need to be dissolved in water before your body can absorb them. Because of this, people’ s bodies can't store these vitamins and any B or C vitamin that your body doesn't is lost. So it is highly recommended that you have these vitamins every day. Vitamins help the immune system work; support normal growth and development, and help cells and organs do their jobs. Not enough vitamins can damage your body and cause serious problems.For example lack of Vitamin D can soften bones which can cause a person to become bow legged or maybe cause your bones to break easier, Pellagra which is a disease caused by a lack of niacin, or different types of anemia such as folate deficiency anemia, Vitamin B-12 deficiency anemia, and Vitamin C deficiency anemia. (http://www. mayoclinic. com). So Vitamins is another very important food molecule needed for your body to keep it maintained and healthy. To sum it all up, Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and vitamins are all essential to our diet and our body. They keep our body functioning, healthy, and able to live our everyday lives.

Corporate Social Responsibility and Business Law Essay

Introduction Our assigned topic deals with a phenomenon that has taken the corporate world by storm rather recently, particularly in Pakistan. It entails the dilemma that every corporation faces when they have to make decisions regarding the firm’s profitability and their corporation’s social responsibility. The term â€Å"corporate social responsibility† came into common use in the late 1960s and early 1970s after many multinational corporations formed the term stakeholder, meaning those on whom an organization’s activities have an impact. It was used to describe corporate owners beyond shareholders. The field of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has developed exponentially in the last decade. Nevertheless, there remains a lingering debate about the legitimacy and value of corporate reaction to CSR concerns. There are different views of the function of the firm in society and disagreement as to whether wealth maximization should be the sole goal of a corporation. An escalating number of shareholders, analysts, regulators, activists, labor unions, employees, community organizations, and news media are asking companies to be accountable for an ever-changing set of CSR issues. There is rising demand for transparency and growing expectations that corporations measure, report, and continuously improve their social, environmental, and economic performance. According to Business for Social Responsibility (BSR), corporate social responsibility is defined as â€Å"achieving commercial success in ways that honor ethical values and respect people, communities, and the natural environment.† Each company is at variance in how it implements corporate social responsibility, if it does so at all. The differences depend on such factors as any particular company’s size, the particular industry involved, the firm’s business culture, stakeholder demands, and how historically progressive the company is in engaging CSR. Some companies focus on a single area, which is regarded as the most important for them or where they have the highest impact or vulnerability—human rights or the environment, for example—while there are others who endeavor to incorporate CSR in each and every one facet of their operations. For successful execution, it is fundamental that the CSR principles are part of the corporations’ values and strategic planning, and that the management and employees, both are committed to them. Furthermore, it is important that the CSR strategy is aligned with the company’s specific corporate objectives and core competencies. As CSR comes into contact with many of the problems conventionally addressed by government, like human rights and community investing, there is strong censure that societal problems are best solved by freely elected government bodies as the resources of a corporation are poorly matched for addressing those social problems, and therefore, it is argued, they should not be misallocated. According to Friedman (1970), in a free society, â€Å"there is one and only one social responsibility of business—to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say, engages in open and free competition without deception or fraud.† The idea is that the state should address social problems, supported by the argument that an executive, by taking money and resources that would otherwise go to owners, employees, and costumers, and allocating them according to the will of the minority, and will fail to serve the interests of her or his principal. In this way, the executive imposes a tax and spends the proceeds for â€Å"social† purposes, which is insupportable, since she or he has neither the skills nor the jurisdiction to do so. On the other hand, there are many demands by others for corporate adoption of the CSR principles. Although the government is chiefly responsible for addressing those issues, the contribution of private firms can be substantial. There is also the argument of the shifting balance of power. According to the Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), of the 100 largest global economies, as indicated by their respective GDP, 51 of them are US corporations, and only 49 are nation states. So economic supremacy has shifted to the corporations; they, therefore, should have an increasing role in and accountability for addressing social problems. For example, the government sets the regulations and the minimum standards for the workplace, but a company can further improve the work environment and the quality of living of its employees. A firm cannot stay oblivious to the problems of the environment in which it functions. The poverty of a nation state’s citizens, political unrest, and the exhaustion of natural resources can have destructive effects for a corporation. For example, resources that are inputs in the production process and which, at the foundation of the industrial revolution, were plentiful are now scarce, polluted, or diminishing in many regions of the entire planet. As one would expect, this imposes an extra cost to the corporations and may force them to reposition or to cease operations. From one perspective, companies may be poorly equipped to address some of the social or environmental problems, but from another perspective, no matter how poorly equipped, companies may still be best positioned to improve the problems. Undoubtedly, adopting the CSR principles involves costs. These costs might be short term in nature or continuous outflows. They may involve the purchase of new environmentally friendly equipment, the change of management structures, or the implementation of stricter quality controls. Since being socially responsible involves incurring costs, it should generate benefits as well in order to be a sustainable business practice. A corporation could not continue a policy that constantly generates negative cash flows. The shareholders invest their money in a corporation, expecting the highest possible risk adjusted return. Therefore, being socially responsible should have bottom-line benefits in order to be sustainable. Socially responsible corporate performance can be associated with a series of benefits with the final outcome. But in a lot of cases, it seems that the time frame of the costs and benefits can be out of alignment—the costs are in the near future, whereas the benefits are not often realized until long periods of time have lapsed. Nevertheless, many benefits can be identified. Firstly, socially responsible companies have enhanced brand image and reputation. Consumers are often attracted towards brands and companies with good reputations in CSR related issues. Therefore, a corporation’s brand equity is automatically enhanced. A company regarded as socially responsible can also benefit from its reputation within the business community by having increased ability to attract capital and trading partners. However, reputation is hard to quantify and measure; it is even harder to measure how much it increases a company’s value. But since companies have developed methods to measure the benefits of their advertisement campaigns, similar methods can and should be able to be applied in the case of corporate reputation. Socially responsible companies also have less risk of negative rare events. Furthermore, companies that adopt the CSR principles are more transparent and have less risk of bribery and corruption. In addition, they may execute stricter and, thus, more costly quality and environmental controls, but they run less risk of having to bear in mind defective product lines and pay heavy fines for excessive polluting. They also have less risk of negative social events which damage their reputation and cost millions of dollars in information and advertising campaigns. The scandals about child–labor and sweatshops that affect the clothing industry are two fine examples. Thus, socially responsible businesses should have more stable earnings growth and less downside volatility. Since companies that adopt the CSR principles carry less risk, when valuing those companies, a lower discount rate should be used. In the company valuation this lower tail risk should be taken into account. There are also other cases in which doing what is good and responsible converges with doing the best for the particular business. Some CSR initiatives can dramatically reduce operating costs. For example, reducing packaging material or planning the optimum route for delivery trucks not only reduces the environmental impact of a company’s operation, but it also reduces the cost. The process of adopting the CSR principles induces executives to reconsider their business practices and to seek more efficient ways of operating. Companies perceived to have a strong CSR commitment often have an improved ability to attract and to retain employees (Turban & Greening 1997), which leads to reduced turnover, recruitment, and training costs. Employees, too, often evaluate their companies CSR performance to determine if their personal values conflict with those of the businesses at which they work. There are many known cases in which employees were asked, under pressure of their supervisors, to overlook written or moral laws in order to achieve higher profits. These practices create a culture of fear in the workplace and harm the employees’ trust, loyalty, and commitment to the company. Companies that improve working conditions and labor practices also experience increased productivity and reduced error rates. Regular controls in the production facilities throughout the world ensure that all the employees work under good conditions and earn living wages. These practices are costly, but the increased productivity of the workers and improved quality of the products generate positive cash flows that cover the associated costs. Thus, firms may actually benefit from socially responsible actions in terms of employee morale and productivity (Moskowitz, 1972). Literature review CSP is a global concept that encompasses those of Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Social Responsiveness. It provides a coherent framework to explore business-society relationships by looking at the social impact of corporations with business criteria of performance measurement, such as quality, efficacy, effectiveness, innovation (Carroll, 1991; Wood, 1991). The challenge for corporate social responsibility (CSR) in developing countries is framed by a vision that was distilled in 2000 into the Millennium Development Goals—‘a world with less poverty, hunger and disease, greater survival prospects for mothers and their infants, better educated children, equal opportunities for women, and a healthier environment’ (UN, 2006: 3). The penetration of the social realm into corporate strategy has gathered momentum in the last years. The movement for CSR has â€Å"won the battle of ideas† (Crook 2005). By now, most well managed companies have adopted th e practices and certifications mandatory in their industries, having gone through what Zadek (2004) calls the â€Å"defensive† and the â€Å"compliance† stages of CSR. Managing the social and environmental footprint of economic activity is generally accepted as part of the cost of doing business. But much remains to be done. If companies are to move their CSR activities from satisfying behavior and take their commitment to society and the environment to the next level, they will need to rethink their current approaches to CSR, tapping into the creativity of every individual. CSE, like all entrepreneurship, is not about managing existing operations or CSR programs; it is about creating disruptive change in the pursuit of new opportunities. It combines the willingness and desire to create joint economic and social value with the entrepreneurial redesign, systems development, and action necessary to carry it out. Accelerated organizational transformation faces a host of obstacles well-documented in the change management literature. Some people argue that media pressures the corporate managers and directors to behave in ways that are â€Å"socially ac ceptable†. Sometimes this coincides with shareholders’ value maximization, others not (Zinagales, 2002). Although there are several contested notions of what CSR should be and how it should work, there is some agreement upon what it broadly entails. A number of concepts and issues are subsumed under the heading of CSR, including human rights, environmental responsibility, diversity management, sustainability, and philanthropy (Amaeshi & Adi, 2006), meaning that it is a complex area with an interdisciplinary focus. It is generally agreed that CSR involves corporations voluntarily exceeding their legal duties to take account of social, economic and environmental impacts of their operations. Consideration of the social, economic and political context demonstrates how CSR forms part of a wider strategic direction being taken internationally with regard to market relations and the pursuit of a range of objectives and goals. The context is in part provided by concerns about the numerous examples of irresponsible behavior on the part of corporations, ranging from colluding with oppressive regimes and in the overthrowing of governments (Alston, 2005) to issues relating to working conditions and the impact of unethical marketing practices (Richter, 2001). Such examples have demonstrated the need for the worst excesses of business to be curbed. The globalised economy is understood to raise important issues for businesses and governments due to changes in patterns of production and consumption. In particular it is noted that the manufacturing of goods is â€Å"highly mobile† (Cassell, 2001:263) and that supply chains are often dispersed in various countries, creating difficulties in terms of legislation and regulation. Moreover, economic globalization presents challenges to the ability of states to protect people’s rights (Cassell, 2001). The notion of corporate social responsibility is part of the ‘third way’ (Gond & Matten, 2007), where the role of the state is now to provide â€Å"steering for the promotion of social development and social justice† (Giddens, 2001: 6). There is increased involvement of the private sector in traditionally statutory provision through privatization and public/private partnerships (Meehan, 2003). Economic policies have created a need for markets and business to self-regulate in order to continue to pursue an international free market economy, but also to ensure sustainability of economic, human and other resources, and of the environment. CSR is seen as a solution to these problems of regulation. The private sector is increasingly seen as a key player in the achievement of many national and international strategic objectives for governments, which is also enabled by CSR. Methodology To gather information, we used secondary research as our main source of information. Various academic journals and internet sources were pursued to cater to the important aspects of the given topic. Moreover, since we thoroughly researched this topic, personal opinions were formed and using those and logic, we justified our opinions accordingly. How can business persons act in an ethically and socially responsible manner and at the same time make profits? Suppose clear-cutting is profitable and legal, but is nonetheless regarded as environmentally irresponsible under prevailing social norms. Can management of a timber corporation decline to clear-cut its timberland even though that sacrifices profits? One might be tempted to evade the question by claiming that being environmentally responsible is profitable in the long run, either because it preserves the forest for future harvesting or because it maintains a public goodwill that aids future sales. But suppose, in an incautious moment, management admits that the present value of those future profits from not clear cutting cannot hope to match the large current profits that clear-cutting would produce. Or, more realistically, suppose a takeover bid by a firm known to clear-cut establishes precisely that proposition by offering far more than the stock price that reflects the current stream of profits. Can management reject the profitable takeover bid on the grounds that it will lead to socially undesirable clear-cutting? The answers to these questions will challenge the canonical law and economics account on corporate social responsibility, which goes something like this. Unless modified by statute, traditional fiduciary duties require corporate managers to further the interests of shareholders, and thus require them to maximize corporate profits subject to the obligation to comply with independent legal constraints. Ethics and social responsibility are very important values in business ventures. This is particularly essential in decision making process. Ethical conscience reminds business persons to make trustworthy and profitable business decisions. Likewise, the social responsibility component requires business persons to make entrepreneurial decisions that can enhance benefits and repelling harms to the stakeholders. The canonical law and economics view holds that corporate managers do and should have a duty to profit-maximize because such conduct is socially efficient given that general legal sanctions do or can redress any harm that corporate or non-corporate businesses inflict on others. If certain conduct imposes excessive harm on others or merits taxation, then an independent law should regulate and impose liability or taxes whether or not the actor is a corporation, and if the conduct does not impose any impermissible harm or merit taxation, then the most socially desirable thing for corporations to do is maximize profits. Other stakeholders could either legally protect themselves by contract with the corporation or have their legal protection provided by judicial gap-filling of such contracts. Part of what makes this account canonical is that it helps define the boundaries of the corporate law field. It leaves corporate law scholars free to ignore issues about any effects the corporation may have on the external world as topics best addressed by other legal fields, and to focus on more tractable models about which corporate rules would maximize shareholder value.

Tqm Syllabus

DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT ST JOSEPH’S PG COLLEGE UNIT PLANNER NAME OF THE LECTURER: K. Srivani CLASS: MBA II YEAR I SEMESTER SUBJECT: TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT UNIT I:TQM HISTORY & EVOLUTION TOPIC |CONTENT |BOOK CHAPTER & PAGE NUMBERS |NO OF HOURS |TEACHING METHODOLOGIES/AIDS | |Connotations of Quality|Definitions |Total Quality Management: Dale Besterfield –Pages |2 |Lecture Method; Brainstorming/Quiz | | |Awareness |13-20 | |Teaching Aid –PPT-Intro | | |Quality Framework | | | | | |Quality Equation Q=P/E | | | | |Dimensions of Quality |Product-Garvin’s Nine Dimensions Features; Conformance |Total Quality Management: Dale Besterfield –Pages |1 |Lecture /Discussion –PPt | | |etc. |21-27 | | | | |Services: The P-C-P Model | | | | | |Peripheral-Core-Pivotal Characteristics Model. |TQM in the Service Sector: R P Mohanty Pages 59-60 | | | | | |and 82-84 | | |The Concept of TQM and |Brief History |Total Quality Management: Dale Besterfiel d –Pages |1 |Lecture /Discussion –PPt | |Evolution of TQM |Old and New Cultures |15-17 and 21-22 | | | | |The Story of Gurus from Shehwart,- Deming to Ishikawa | | | | | |Modern Systems/Six sigma | | | | | |TQM Fundamentals | | | | |Inspection, SQC, QA & |The inspection Era |Total Quality Management: Dale Besterfield –Pages 21|2 |Lecture /Discussion –PPt | |TQM Conventional QM |The Statistical QC –Techniques |expanded to 2nd and 3rd chapters –summary; | |Cases and Examples with citations of TQM | |/TQM |Reactive Approach |General Quality references, Industry Practices | |exemplary Organisations | | |Prevention of Defects | | | | | |Proactive Approach | | | | | |Quality Assurance & TQM | | | | | |QM and TQM | | | | |Customer Supplier focus|Customer Definition |Total Quality Management: Dale Besterfield –expanded|2 |Lecture /Discussion –PPt | |in QM Internal external Customer |to 2nd , 3rd & 4th chapters –summary; | |Cases and Examples with citations of TQM | |Benefits and Costs –TQM|Supplier partnership |General Quality references, Industry Practices | |exemplary Organisations | |Historical Perspectives|Vendor Management |Ch 7 for Costs Chapter 1 for Benefits and Obstacles | | | | |Benefits | | | | | |Costs | | | | | |Inspection Era | | | | | |QC Era to Q A Era | | | | | |Modern Dimensions | | | | |Quality System Awards &|System Concepts |Total Quality Management: Dale Besterfield –expanded|3 |Lecture /Discussion –PPt | |Guidelines |Quality systems |to 7th chapter Pages 203-218; | |Cases and Examples with citations of TQM | |MBNQA- ISO – EFQM |QMSISO 9000-14000-EMS |10th Chapter Summary | |exemplary Organisations | | |Malcolm Balridge-Criteria |EFQM-Downloads | | | | |EFQM Model |General Quality references, Industry Practices | | | | |ISO Audit | | | | UNIT II: TOOLS OF TQM TOPIC |CONTENT |BOOK CHAPTER & PAGE NUMBERS |NO OF HOURS |TEACHING METHODOLOGIES/AIDS | |Measurem ent Tools |Check Sheets |Implementing Quality: Ron Basu Chapter 5 pages-64-73 |2 |Lecture /Discussion –PPt | | |Histograms |All are covered against Purpose, When to Use, How to | |Cases and Examples | | |Run Charts |Use, Basic Steps-Final thoughts- Pitfalls if any | |PracticalIndustry examples are also taken for| | |Scatter Diagrams | | |class room demo/display | | |Cause & Effect Diagram | | | | |Measurement Tools |Pareto Analysis |Implementing Quality: Ron Basu Chapter 5 pages-76-84 |1 |Lecture /Discussion –PPt | |continued |Process Capability Measurement. | |Cases and Examples | | | | | | | |Analytical Tools |Process Mapping |Implementing Quality: Ron Basu Chapter 6- pages-88-103|2 |Lecture /Discussion –PPt | | |Regression Analysis | | |Cases and Examples | | |RU/CS Analysis Five Whys | | | | |OEE | | | | |Improvement Tools |Kaizen |100 Methods for TQM :Gopal Kanji and Asher |2 |Lecture /Discussion –PPt | | |JIT- Quality Circles |various-respective pag es for the listed method | |Cases and Examples | | |Force Field Analysis | | |Student presentation | | |Five ‘y†s | | | | |Control Tools |Gantt Chart |Implementing Quality: Ron Basu Chapter 8- |2 |Lecture /Discussion –PPt | | |Network Diagram |pages-136-141 | |Cases and Examples | | |Radar Chart; PDCA | | | | | |Milestone Tracker | | | | | |Earned value management | | | | UNIT III: TECHNIQUES OF TQM |TOPIC |CONTENT |BOOK CHAPTER & PAGE NUMBERS |NO OF HOURS |TEACHING METHODOLOGIES/AIDS | |QuantitativeTechniques|Failure Mode Effect Analysis |Implementing Quality: Ron Basu Chapter 9- |1 |Lecture /Discussion –PPt | | |Definition; probability of failure estimation; |pages-148-151 | |Cases and Examples | | |Reliability Index; |TQM Besterfield Ch 14 summary | |All are covered against Purpose, When to Use,| | |Formula –example | | |How to Use, Basic Steps-Final thoughts- | | | | | |Pitfalls if any | |Quantitative Techniques|Statistical Process Control |Imp lementing Quality: Ron Basu Chapter 9- |1 |Lecture /Discussion –PPt | | |SPC Category, Mean, Standard Deviation, |pages-152-156 | |Cases and Examples | | |USL;LSL-Controls | | | | |Quantitative Techniques|Quality Function Deployment -QFD |Implementing Quality: Ron Basu Chapter 9- |1 |Lecture /Discussion –PPt | | |Capturing Customer Expectations; House of Quality |pages-157-162 | |Cases and Examples | | |Matrix |TQM Besterfield- Ch 12 – summary | | | |Quantitative Techniques|Design of Experiments |Implementing Quality: Ron Basu Chapter 9- |1 |Lecture /Discussion –PPt | | |DOE – Interrogating the Process, Fisher and Taguchi |pages-162-168 | |Cases and Examples | | approach |TQM Besterfield –Ch 19 | | | |Quantitative Techniques|Monte Carlo Technique |Implementing Quality: Ron Basu Chapter 9- |1 |Lecture /Discussion –PPt | | |MCT – Random Walk |pages-179-185 | |Cases and Examples | | |Random Number Generation | | | | |Qualitative T echniques |Benchmarking |Implementing Quality: Ron Basu Chapter 10- |1 |Lecture /Discussion –PPt | | |Internal, competitive, Functional, setting standards- |pages-179-185 | |Cases and Examples | | |world class |TQM-Besterfield-Ch 8 | | | |Qualitative Techniques |Balanced Score Card |Implementing Quality: Ron Basu Chapter 10- |1 |Lecture /Discussion –PPt | | |Kaplan Norton model |pages-190-196 | |Cases and Examples | | |Framework-strategic Objectives to KPI | | | | |Qualitative Techniques |Sales & Operations Planning |Implementing Quality: Ron Basu Chapter 10- |1 |Lecture /Discussion –PPt | | |MRP II concepts Master Prod schedule |pages-203-207 | |Cases and Examples | |Qualitative Techniques |Kanban and Activity Based Costing |Implementing Quality: Ron Basu Chapter 10- |1 |Lecture /Discussion –PPt | | | pages-203-207 | |Cases and Examples | |Taguchi’s Methods |Quality Loss Function |Total Quality Management: Dale Besterfield – Chapter|2 |Lect ure /Discussion –PPt | | |Orthogonal Arrays |20 page 573- 629 | |Cases and Examples | | |Signal to Noise Ratio | | | | | |Nominal, Target, smaller Larger the Best, | | | | | |Parameter Design, Tolerance Design | | | | | | | | | | UNIT IV: SIX SIGMA TOPIC |CONTENT |BOOK CHAPTER & PAGE NUMBERS |NO OF HOURS |TEACHING METHODOLOGIES/AIDS | |The Concept of Six Sigma |Six Sigma statistical Significance |Greg Brue: Six Sigma for Managers |1 |Lecture /Discussion –PPt | | |Focussed methodology | | |Cases and Examples | |Objectives of Six Sigma; |Defect Free; Lean SS |Greg Brue: Six Sigma for Managers |2 |Lecture /Discussion –PPt | |framework of Six Sigma |Across all Functions | | |Cases and Examples | |Performance Based | | | | |Six Sigma Organisation |Model of Organisation |Greg Brue: Six Sigma for Managers |2 |Lecture /Discussion –PPt | |Roles & Responsibilities |Role Clarity- types | | |Cases and Examples | |Cost/Benefits |Cost, Benefits Optimisation | | | | | | Effective Methodology | | | | |Six Sigma Problem Solving |Methodology |Greg Brue: Six Sigma for Managers |1 |Lecture /Discussion –PPt | |Approach |Example Problems | | |Cases and Examples | | |Cases | | | | |DMAIC Model |Define |Implementing Quality: Ron Basu Chapter 9- |1 |Lecture /Discussion –PPt | |Six Sigma Metrics |Measure; analyse |pages-168-173 | |Cases and Examples | | |Improve, Control | | | | |Cost of Poor Quality(COPC)|Costs |Greg Brue: Six Sigma for Managers |1 |Lecture /Discussion –PPt | | |Preventive | | |Cases and Examples | | |Maintenance | | | | |DPMO-first pass yield |3. 4 DPMO |Greg Brue: Six Sigma for Managers |1 |Lecture /Discussion –PPt | | |Interpretations | | |Cases and Examples | UNIT V: TQM IN SERVICE SECTORS TOPIC |CONTENT |BOOK CHAPTER & PAGE NUMBERS |NO OF HOURS |TEACHING METHODOLOGIES/AIDS | |Implementation of TQM in |Service Quality measure |TQM in the Service Sector |2 |Lecture /Discussion –PPt | |service Organisati ons |Proposal |R P Mohanty – Chapter VII Pages- 246-268 | |Cases and Examples | | |Proposed System | | | | | |Checklist | | | | |Framework for improving |Gronross; servQual model, Moores model, Service |TQM in the Service Sector |1 |Lecture /Discussion –PPt | |Service Quality |Journey model, PCP quality Model etc |R P Mohanty – Chapter III Pages- 63-84-Summary | |Cases and Examples | |Model to Measure Service |Parameters |TQM in the Service Sector |2 |Lecture /Discussion –PPt | |Quality |Analogy |R P Mohanty – Chapter VI Pages- 205-214-Summary | |Cases and Examples | | measurement | | | | |TQM in Health Care Services|Case Study |TQM in the Service Sector |1 |Lecture /Discussion –PPt | | |Model construction |R P Mohanty – Chapter IX Pages- 340-369-Summary | |Cases and Examples | |TQM in Hotels |Case study |TQM in the Service Sector |1 |Lecture /Discussion –PPt | | |Model Construction |R P Mohanty – Chapter VI Pages- 2 15-233-Summary | |Cases and Examples | |TQM in Financial Services |Banks |TQM in the Service Sector |3 |Lecture /Discussion –PPt | | |Investment company |R P Mohanty – Chapter X Pages- 371-400-Summary | |Cases and Examples | | |Mutual Funds | | | | |QP Discussion |Discussion | |1 | | |TOTAL HOURS FOR COMPLETION OF SYLLABUS 12+9+11+9+12 |53 | | †¢ Assignment Questions as part of Internal marks from all the units . †¢ Previous year question paper Discussion in class room †¢ Presentations of students of companies following six sigma quality standards. †¢ Presentation of students on ISO certification and the companies involved in quality analysis and certification. K. SRIVANI DIRECTORPRINCIPAL

Project Cash Flow Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Project Cash Flow - Essay Example Therefore to have the money later you will certainly want a reasonable compensation for the delayed consumption, the risk or uncertainty and the inflation. All these factors: delayed consumption, uncertainty and inflation determine the interest rate over a certain amount of money which is due at present but the acquisition of which is put off till a future date. In any situation when a person or group becomes or become indifferent to these three factors then the value of time to that person or group in that particular situation ceases to matter. The situation can be caused by internal factors as well as external factors or both. We can imagine few such situations, for example if in a hospital the anaesthesia machine goes bust in the mid of an operation and the standby machine is at some other OT then irrespective of rational comparisons a new machine has to be ordered because the situation demands it, or for example if there is fire in a factory and machines become unavailable for completing the order at hand worth millions of dollars then new machinery has to be arranged for as soon as possible without going into much details of profitability etc. The example that we have taken are extreme cases. In real life, situations generally lie mid way between conditions of very high emergencies to conditions of no pressure at all. There is usually existence of some pressures which limits the time that can be infinitely spent on arriving at the best analysis. In real life decision making is often done amidst many known and many unknown variables.1 Situations of absolute unpredictability Situations of absolute predictability Reliance on the available and Reliance on complex decision making tools easy to operate decision making tools II) Time value of Money-estimating the discount rate The predictability of a situation depends on a host of internal and external factors. Internal factors can include the knowledge and experience of the organization the management information and coordination systems, the resources and time available to the organization etc. The external factors can include the market forces and the business environment. In the case of applying time value analysis in project decisions the uncertain factor is the cost of capital 2.The estimation of cost of capital or the discounting rate is a complex process and its accuracy depends on many factors. Estimating the cost of capit

Pursue Business at USC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pursue Business at USC - Essay Example My skills and past experiences best suit me for this course. Personally, I believe I have an analytical mind and I am an awesome strategist. This was witnessed during my summer internship at an international trading company, which dealt with trading detergents from France. At the company I keenly analyzed the customers buying trends and developed a strategy that would assist the company realizes more sales. I realized that offering gifts to our customers would motivate them to come again and buy more goods. However, I had also to study our customer base, and I discovered that most of our customers were female. Based on the above insights, I came up with Louis Vuitton bags since they are a status symbol that could attract more female customers. This strategy bore fruits as there was a substantial increase in the company’s sales even to other Asian countries such as Taiwan, China, and Japan. I came to learn that I am considerate, hardworking, self-motivated, determined, and ambi tious. This qualifies, skills and experiences will enable me to thrive well in your institution that is competitive and encompasses people of different cultures. This program fits my future professional goals because in future I want to venture into the field of business. Despite the misconception that some people have that business is about making money, personally my motivation of doing business is that I like the idea of doing the business itself; meeting and interacting with people and learning from them.

UCAS Personal Statement for University Health and Social Care Hon

UCAS for University Health and Social Care Hon - Personal Statement Example In addition, I am able to adapt to changes as they occur. I am an understanding person and also sympathetic, patient, caring and friendly. I am a self motivated and can handle my patient with understanding and respect while approaching them. I am a person who is determined to work with teams and also keep time. As a student, I am also good at implementing personal support plans which focus on the individual welfare. Again, I got the ability to manage challenging behaviors at the same time staying focused on offering quality care to my clients as well as maintaining positive relationship among my clients and their families, my fellow staff and visitors. In 1991 to 1994, I attended Miskolc Hungary high school which specializes in general nursing and assistance. This is an indication that I have basic nursing knowledge that made me to handle health care issues at an early age. Through the Healthy eating and food hygiene level 2 course, I undertook in 2012, I attained extensive skills on how to deal with cases of Dementia and Health and social care. From August the 2011 up to now, I have been working in Highbury New Park nursing Home. I work as a care assistant while working as part of the staff team which provides and coordinates individualized care and resources to elderly people and taking care of Dementia patients, so as they may continue living healthy and have independent lives in their communities and homes. While working in the Highbury New Park nursing Home, my duties include helping clients with personal hygiene. Additionally, I assist clients while performing their exercises, physiotherapy and other medical plans. I also assist people who use service with their environment and day to day activities. Other notable duties that I undertakes include monitoring blood pressure and other physical conditions in patients as required by the doctor, assisted clients to get up then helping dress up and prepare them

Information System Engineering (Case Study about system requirement) Essay

Information System Engineering (Case Study about system requirement) - Essay Example The purpose of this report is to elaborate the system design features for its better implementation. The Children Support Agency (CSA) has emerged as a national charity based organization for the betterment of the UK’s young people. This organization has aimed to facilitate young people of UK for their career and support them for spending their lives effectively. CSA has developed their setup very effectively and they have their central office in London. Recently they have moved their two main offices, a small one in London and a larger one on the South Coast of England in Brighton. In this situation this organization has running lot of projects on diverse domains, for the management of these projects and better information transfer in the overall organization structure is really essential. There is need of some distributed information management system that is able to handle the overall organizational information and have the capability to tenser the data and information to each client. CSA has initiated the development of the central information management system that will help the head office to monitor projects. The system will offer the effective tools to help regional directors, area managers and lead workers to manage their work. At the heart of the system will be the recording and monitoring of key performance indicators (KPIs) for each of the projects managed by CSA. Each department at head office should be able to see information as it relates to their department. Equally, the Regional Directors will need to see the data for their region, Area Managers for their area and Team Leaders for their project. This section will provide the deep insight into the kind of activities for this project to the developer. The developer first analyzes the project requirement. Then he will sort out the workable requirements. After that the developer will draw out the basic system development

Englsih - Rhetorical Appeals analysis (logos, ethos, pathos) Essay

Englsih - Rhetorical Appeals analysis (logos, ethos, pathos) - Essay Example The commercial appeals to viewers by implying that when we drive, we are responsible not only for our lives but the lives of others as well. Consequently, when we drive too fast, the consequences can be very tragic. As the commercial showed that the reckless driver was sentenced by the court, accountability is the lesson projected here. Ironically, the last scene showing the cemetery shows that we cannot bring back the dead and suffer the consequences. All throughout, emotions was effectively used to convey the message to the public. The commercial chosen was about transport safety that showed the difference in driving at higher speed when you hit a person. The theme of the commercial was â€Å"The faster you go the bigger the mess†. This commercial was one of the most discussed commercial in Poland. It showed two simultaneous situations ( split frame )with the same characters. The first one showed two joggers of which one was almost hit by a speeding car at 50m/h. The jogger was unhurt but run away scared after the car stopped. The other frame showed the same woman being hit by the car and thrown a few meters resulting to her death. In the end, the left frame showed 50m/h while the right frame showed 67m/h. The commercial has used logos argument since it directly argues to the audience that a difference of 17m/h can result to fatality. It rationally persuades viewers to drive in a certain limit. The commercial was balanced in using pathos and logos although the emphasis was more on the effect of the incr eased speed rate. The commercial that uses an Ethos argument well is the South African advertisement of BMW titled †Innovation†, although it was originally titled †Kinetic Sculptures†. The main endorser is world-class sculptor Theo Jensen who creates moving sculptures. Indeed, he is an authority when it comes to

Undocumented nurse medical errors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Undocumented nurse medical errors - Essay Example The researcher starts with description of his first day at his first job. His nurse trainer was evidently flustered with her numerous tasks in the hospital. The researcher followed her to a patient’s room, where she administered medication. The patient was recovering from a car accident, where he suffered from some chest and abdominal trauma, as well as a badly-broken leg. The researcher was confused, because the name on the door was not the same in the med chart. He returned to the nursing station, where she documented the medication. After opening the patient’s chart, she was distressed to find out that she gave the wrong medicine. She checked the patient’s chart for allergies and was comforted that the latter had no allergies with the incorrect medication. However, the patient complained of dizziness and nausea later on, and the nurse did not provide the pain meds as scheduled. The patient also showed signs of discomfort for several hours. The nurse closely wa tched the patient all evening and up to the next shift, since she volunteered to cover it because a nurse called in sick. The next evening, this same patient was assigned to me. The researcher checked his chart and was surprised that the medication error was not documented, and that the normal dose of pain medication was documented. During his dinner break, the patient had difficulty in breathing and went into arrest. The patient died and autopsy showed that he died from an embolus to the lung. This was a probable unavoidable complication of the injuries. But since the patient experienced pain the evening before, his family members believed that the nursing staff neglected to observe him for complications. They said that they consider suing the facility and I know that I will be named in the suit. Case Study Analysis: 8-Step Model for Ethical Decision Making The case with this patient involves an ethical dilemma of reporting the medication error of my colleague. I will examine this case using the 8-Step Model of Ethical Decision Making (Bennett-Woods, 2001). I will determine the facts of the case and all information needed to properly analyze and resolve this issue. I will state the practical problem, identify the most important ethical questions and the theoretical bases for my analysis, discuss arguments and counterarguments, including their specific ethical concepts and supporting facts, name options, and choose and explain my final decisions. Step One: Gather Relevant Information Clinical indications. Patient was recovering from a car accident, where he suffered from chest and abdominal trauma and a badly-broken leg. The most common effects of car accidents are head, chest, pelvis, and abdominal trauma (Schmucker et al., 2010). The patient complained of dizziness and nausea, which can be the result of his injuries or the incorrectly given medicine. One of the primary tasks of nurses is drug administration and it occupies around 40% of their work time (Armi tage & Knapman, 2003, cited in Tang et al., 2007, p.448). Administering drugs have become more complex, especially when there were only 656 medications in 1961, but now there are more than 8000 medicine being prescribed, with more than 17000 trade and generic names in North America (Tang et al., 2007, p.448). Giving medication is â€Å"one of the most error-prone steps of the medication-use process, with 34% of all errors originating in this phase† (Bates et al. 1995, cited in Helmons, Wargel, & Daniels, 2009, p.1202). Some studies discovered that medication errors normally take place during the prescription and administration stages and can compose 65% to 87% of the total number of medication errors (Bates et al. 1993, 1995; Benjamin 2003, cited in Tang et al., 2007, p.448). Less than 2% of incorrect medication actions are not intercepted by the patients’ bedside (Helmons, Wargel, & Daniels, 2009, p.1202). The patient also showed signs of discomfort for several hours.

See 'Assignment Criteria' below Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

See 'Assignment Criteria' below - Case Study Example The United Kingdom had not implemented this Directive by the required date but the Minister of Health, had issued a statement in the House of Commons to the effect that the United Kingdom's existing legislation, in respect of occupational injuries was fully compliant with this Directive. However, the legislation provides a remedy only to those employees who had been working, for the same employer for at least three years. The Health and Safety Regulations 19921 states that a business employing staff who have to work on computers for a long time, is duty bound to, first, assess and reduce risks. Some of these risks are aches and pains in the upper limbs, known as repetitive strain injury or RSI and headaches and stress. In order to mitigate the deleterious effect of this type of work, it is imperative that a correct posture has to be adopted for computer use and persons working on computers have to take regular breaks from looking at the screen. Further, it has to be ensured that workstations meet the minimum requirements, namely the provision of adjustable chairs and non-glare lighting. This also includes the general work environment issues such as congestion in the office. Commensurate with the intensity of the work, recesses from work have to be planned and implemented. During these breaks, employees should be permitted to stop using the computer. Such employers have to provide either free or reimbursable ophthalmologic tests to their employees. If special spectacles are prescribed for use while doing the job, then the employer must pay for such spectacles. In addition to this employers have to provide health and safety information and training to their employees, who should know how to use their workstations correctly.2 The EEC Treaty - Article 118a states that the Member States should pay particular attention to encouraging improvements. This is to be especially enforced in the working environment giving special emphasis to the health and safety of workers. Further, the Member States' objective should be the harmonization of conditions, with due attention being given to maintaining the improvements already made. In order to help achieve this objective the Council, acting by a qualified majority on a proposal from the Commission, in cooperation with the European Parliament and after consulting the Economic and Social Committee, should adopt, by means of directives, minimum requirements for gradual implementation, taking into consideration the conditions and technical rules obtaining in each of the Member States. The provisions adopted pursuant to this Article should not prevent any Member State from maintaining or introducing more stringent measures, which are formulated for the express purpose of p rotecting the working conditions of workers, compatible with this Treaty. Employees on fixed term contracts should be treated as favorably as permanent workers are. There are two sets of regulations required to implement the EC Fixed Term Work Directive 1999/70/EC (the Fixed-Term Employees (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2002 and the Part-time Workers (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2000 (Amendment) Regulations 2002). The basic idea of the new fixed term work regulations is to make it unlawful to treat a fixed-term employee less favourably than a comparable non-fixed term employee engaged in similar work

Marketing Specialist Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Marketing Specialist - Research Paper Example They assist in measuring current strategies aimed at understanding the best ways to market products and make money for the given company (Goldstein & Lee, 213). Marketing specialists is also known as research analysts. They should monitor what is sold across the country, help in analyzing demographic data, analyzing buying and shopping habits, looking at a relevant competition in the field and their pricing, creating and administering surveys, questionnaires and other information gathered, assist in measuring and evaluating current strategies and other responsibilities. All this is done all in an effort to help in understanding the best ways of marketing products and make the company a lot of money. As a marketing professional, I am tasked with the responsibility of examining and analyzing the promotional and marketing potential of an individual entity. It is also the role of a marketing specialist to design and create marketing and promotional tools. These tools enable an organization to make efforts into the target market. Marketing specialists play many roles among them overseeing and implementation of crucial areas of the marketing plan, which is always designed for a specific firm for establishment (George, Kress, Taryn &John Snyder 72). As an entry-level specialist, one must possess a bachelor’s degree in marketing, advertising or communication. In most cases, most employers look for graduates with experience in marketing or advertising firms but as a fresh graduate, I will have to expose my skills and attributes to secure an entry-level position aimed at growing my career as a professional marketer as well as serving the interests of the employer. For an entry-level position, one must demonstrate the skill and ability to market, promote and advertise efficiently and effectively the sectors given such as

The Beach Essay Example for Free

The Beach Essay On a hot summer day the best place to be is the Beach. Have you ever been so hot you could melt, and just want to play in the cold, salty ocean? I have! The best felling is the wet, grainy, sand between your toes. When you go to the beach all you see is the clear blue ocean, colorful umbrellas, and the silky white seagulls. But be careful, the seagulls will eat your food right out of your hands! Who doesn’t like the beach? If youre looking for a quiet relaxation at the beach, I dont think that will work out too well. Though out the day all you hear are the clear blue wave’s crash against the rough yellow sand, the loud motors of the boats, and the laughter of children everywhere. But in the morning or at night the beach could be quite relaxing. If you want to just relax and watch the beautiful sunrise, while the breeze blows your hair back the beach in the morning is perfect for you. The beach has many different interesting smells. There’s the smell of fruity coconut suntan lotion, the salty ocean, and the smell of delicious smores being roasted over the fire. At the beach you can also smell the dirty fish in the sea. With the bright sun shining down on you, you will forget all about the bad smelling fish. Other than the smell of fish all the other smells are really delightful. I love the beach! All of the smells, sights and felling of being at the beach are the best. The beach is a lot of fun. It is also a good place to go with your family and friends. As you can see there are a lot of good things about the beach. If you have never been to the beach you don’t know what you’re missing. Alexis Gonzalez

Sickle Cell Disease Perspective: Genetic Anthology

Sickle Cell Disease Perspective: Genetic Anthology Grayson Jones  Ã‚   Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is inherited which means that the disease is passed by genes from parents to their children. People who have SCD inherit two abnormal hemoglobin genes, one from each parent. SCD has many forms; however, the most common and severe form, sickle cell anemia, overwhelming affects African-Americans and Hispanics in the United States. This paper will analyze SCD; explore the social implications and any genetic advantages; and report on the current societal implications. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carry oxygen throughout the body. Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a group of inherited red blood cell disorders which have abnormal hemoglobin. SCD is not contagious, like a cold or an infection, and is passed by one gene from each parent to their children. People with SCD have either one or two abnormal hemoglobin S genes. Sickle cell anemia is the disease that describes those with two hemoglobin S genes, hemoglobin SS. Sickle cell trait is the condition where the hemoglobin S gene is inherited from one parent and a normal hemoglobin gene is inherited from the other parent.   People with sickle cell trait are generally healthy and symptom free. Nevertheless, they are carriers of the defective hemoglobin S gene and can pass that defective gene to their children. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institutes (NHLBI) (2016) figure below shows the difference between normal and abnormal red blood cells.   Normal red blood cells contain hemoglobin that is disc shaped which allow cells to provide a steady flow of oxygen to the bodys tissues.   Abnormal red blood cells contain sickle hemoglobin which are not flexible and do not move freely to provide needed oxygen to the bodys tissues. Lack of tissue oxygen causes attacks of severe and sudden pain.   According to the NHLBI (2016), Most children with SCD are pain free between painful crises, but adolescents and adults may also suffer with chronic ongoing pain. The red cell sickling and poor oxygen delivery can also cause organ damage. Over a lifetime, SCD can harm a persons spleen, brain, eyes, lungs, liver, heart, kidneys, penis, joints, bones, or skin. Normal red blood cells live approximately 90 to 120 days while abnormal sickle cells typically last only 10 to 20 days.   This is due to the fact that sickle cells cannot change shape easily and burst apart or hemolyze (NHLBI, 2016).   The human body is continually reproducing new red blood cells to replace old blood cells which mean that a body with SCD has trouble keeping up with demand.   The affect is a lower than normal red blood cell count called anemia. The social implications of Sickle Cell Disease have been seen in a myriad of ways such as caregiving, community perceptions, and the health care system. Since SCD begins prior to birth and affects not only the children but the parents too, a rise in a family based approach to this disease has been seen. Mothers of a children with SCD are living in constant anxiety and stress that their child may become deathly ill at any moment, intense, complex nature of SCD crises as unpredictable, recurring, and potentially severe (Burnes, Antle, Williams, Cook, 2008). The disease can arise and be triggered by a fluctuation in temperatures, stress, lack of sleep, and other factors. Since the symptoms come on suddenly and intensely, then this makes it difficult to predict onset which cause families to live in constant state of fear. In the study, the mothers felt that they are left with all the responsibility and to be the overall caregiver, while the fathers distance themselves from the childs pa in. Another social implication of SCD is the community perception or lack of knowledge of the disease. SCD has not had a significant public awareness in the developing countries where most cases are prevalent, Most mothers had not even heard of SCD, and they did not know how the illness is transmitted (Burnes et al., 2008). The understanding is that women and men are not tested for the sickle cell trait and are not aware of how the disease is spread which has led to stigma about SCD in their cultures. There are many falsehoods about the disease such as contagious, a curse on ones family, or being at fault for having a child who is born with such a physical illness. In addition, a racist assumption of the disease exists and a feeling of being powerless to speaking up about the disease because one does not want to be thought of less than anyone else. The last social implication is what is identified in the health care system. There have been advancements in the treatment of SCD in first world countries, through medication and other treatments; however, ­Ã‚ ­ there is still a lack of treatment possibilities in the areas that are mostly affected by SCD. The overall complaint among families affected by the disease is that there is a lack of knowledge among medical professionals, did not know about SCD or how to treat its symptoms during a crisis (Burnes et al., 2008). Parents going into a hospital and having to tell the staff about treatments is scary. They think that they cannot trust professionals to take care of their child since these professionals lack the required education about such a serious disease. The overall leading social implication of SCD is the lack of knowledge and education that is associated with this disease. The Sickle Cell gene has a genetic protection against Malaria, which is a serious and sometimes deadly infectious disease.   Malaria is caused by a mosquito that is carrying a parasite harmful to humans and the mosquito bites the human. Symptoms include high fevers, chills, and other flu like signs. If a person who is a carrier of one sickle cell gene (heterozygous), has shown signs of lower mortality and morbidity rate among those who may become infected with malaria, Unexpectedly, heterozygous individuals experience some protection from malaria infections. Aidoo et al.(2002), demonstrate reduced mortality and morbidity, Aluoch 1997 reports higher resistance to malaria, whereas Hesran et al.(1999), demonstrate a reduced parasite load for heterozygous carriers of this otherwise damaging gene (Lidell, Oswusu-Brackett, Wallace, 2014).   Heterozygote Protection is when an individual who carries a normal allele and an infected allele are at an advantage and maintain that he terozygote presence in population. This is seen directly, When the malarial protozoan invades the red blood cells of heterozygotes, the parasites cause a relatively large reduction in the oxygen tension within the cells and thus contribute to sickling. The sickling of the red blood cells then impairs the protozoan growth and development (Howe, 2007). This means that the sickled blood cells stop the infection of malaria spreading throughout an individual; the heterozygotes are protecting the body from an infectious disease. The exact number of people living with Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) in the United States (US) is not known. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Protection (CDC) (2016), SCD affects approximately 100,000 Americans. SCD occurs among about 1 out of every 365 Black or African-American births. SCD occurs among about 1 out of every 16,300 Hispanic-American births. About 1 in 13 Black or African-American babies is [sic] born with sickle cell trait (SCT). Over the past four (4) decades, the US has made significant progress in the care of people with SCD. Homer and Oyeku (2016) explain the increase in survival rate due to healthcare progress: Even in the absence of the discovery of new medications, median survival has increased dramatically from death typically occurring during early childhood in the 1970s to survival now in the mid-50s for individuals with hemoglobin SS and mid-60s for individuals with hemoglobin SC disease. This progress has been made possible through universal newborn screening, the effective use of penicillin, and more recently of hydroxyurea, careful monitoring, and the provision of supportive care. Testing for SCD is easy and only requires a blood test. Early testing is imperative for diagnosis and early preventative measures to prevent complications. According to the CDC (2016), the US newborn screening program requires every baby to be tested for SCD. Prior to birth, amniotic fluid can be also tested to diagnose SCD. Newborn screening is extremely important and effective so that informed parents can discuss options with their primary care doctor, a hematologist or a genetics counselor. SCD disproportionately affects African-American and Hispanic communities which rely heavily on public healthcare and insurance programs. According to Hassell (2016), SCD therapies which include coordinated care by knowledgeable providers, integrating specialized and routine health care across the life span are not readily available to these targeted groups. A structured system of care is nonexistent for people with SCD. In addition, mounting evidence suggests that therapies of proven benefit, including prophylactic penicillin, transcranial Doppler, and hydroxyurea therapy, are not being utilized (Hassell, 2016). In conclusion, one does not contract SCD, one is born with SCD. This disease is easily identified by a simple blood test and disproportionately affects those people in low-income areas. SCD treatment options are not widely available to those afflicted by the disease. The social and societal implications are far reaching and significantly negatively impact the African-American and Hispanic communities. References Burnes, D. P., Antle, B. J., Williams, C. C., Cook, L. (2008). Mothers Raising Children with Sickle Cell Disease at the Intersection of Race, Gender, and Illness Stigma. Health Social Work, 33(3), 211-220. doi:10.1093/hsw/33.3.211 Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com.nuls.idm.oclc.org/ps/i.do?id=GALE|A184643666v=2.1u=nu_mainit=rp=AONEsw=wauthCount=1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2016). Data Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/sicklecell/data.html Hassell, K. L. (2016). Sickle Cell Disease A Continued Call to Action. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Volume 51, Issue 1, S1-S2. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.11.002. Retrieved from http://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(15)00726-6/fulltext Homer, C. J. Oyeku, S. O. (2016). Sickle Cell Disease A Roadmap for Getting to Excellence Everywhere. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Volume 51, Issue 1, S1-S2. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.10.018. Retrieved from http://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(15)00702-3/fulltext Howe, E. M. (2007). Untangling Sickle-cell Anemia and the Teaching of Heterozygote Protection. Science Education, 16(1), 1-19. doi:10.1007/s11191-005-4712-7 Retrieved from http://web.a.ebscohost.com.nuls.idm.oclc.org/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=a36e64b9-4230-45e0-accb-db8cdc436af1%40sessionmgr4009vid=1hid=4209 Liddell, C., Owusu-Brackett, N., Wallace, D. (2014). A Mathematical Model of Sickle Cell Genome Frequency in Response to Selective Pressure from Malaria. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, 76(9), 2292-2305.   Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.nuls.idm.oclc.org/docview/1560166043?OpenUrlRefId=info:xri/sid:primoaccountid=25320 United States Department of Health Human Services. National Heart, Blood, and Lung Institute (2016). What is Sickle Cell Disease? Retrieved from https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/sca

Problems With Profit Maximization Strategy Finance Essay

Problems With Profit Maximization Strategy Finance Essay Shareholder Value is a financial term which is the final measure to see whether the company is successful in enriching its shareholders or not. We have tried to find the difference between shareholder and the owner wealth and have concluded that shareholder wealth is the supreme point of contention for any organization as in the long term it will benefit both owner and shareholder. Hence, both of them will be content. We first look at why shareholder value maximization should be the primary goal of any organization. Then, we look why there is divergence of the organization with the objective of shareholder wealth maximization. Then, we looked at various agency problems that come due to this divergence. Then, we gave strategies on how managers can increase shareholder wealth. At the end, we concluded with the new concept of stakeholder wealth maximization and explained its utility. Who owns any organization which is listed in share market, obviously, the Shareholders. These are those individuals who have bought stocks of the company which shows their ownership of the company. Even if business is a person firm, he is the shareholder. If the Business is big, the board of directors are made up of people who own the right by owning the majority of shares. Since, the shareholder own the company, they are entitled to maximum value generation from the money they have invested (Ahlstrom 2010, pp 11-24). In old times, the traditional approach of companies was to maximize the owners profit, but there were multiple limitations like:- Any firm has multiple targets other than maximizing shareholder wealth. These can be like achieving higher market share, huge sales growth, more stable market position. The traditional approach didnt consider all of these issues. Shareholder Wealth Maximization has multiple things to be looked into like Short term, Medium term and Long term Shareholder Wealth Maximization Shareholder Wealth Maximization over a period of time. The traditional approach lost out to these points. Social Responsibility needs to become the most important aim of any organization. Big Organizations need to give back society in lieu of the resources that they take from them. These big organizations need to devote something out of the profits that they earn. The traditional approach didnt take in account this (Smith 2003, pp 52-76). Modern approach puts more emphasis on Shareholder Wealth Maximization rather than owner profit maximization. This includes increasing the Earnings per share of every shareholder so that their net worth is maximized. Wealth increase is equal to what gross present worth in needed for raising profits in the future. This value needs to be discounted as per the time frame to found out the annualized rate of return for the shareholder. In Shareholder Wealth Maximization, it places priority before any other objective for the organization. Any action which has positive effective on Shareholder Wealth Maximization needs to be given priority. In any capitalistic society, the goal of business should be Shareholder Wealth Maximization as mostly the ownership of goods and services is by individuals, since, they own all the means so that they can make money. Shareholder Wealth Maximization at the end leads to rise in value of the shares which at end maximizes wealth of the shareholder (Ahlstrom 2010, pp 11-24). . Maximizing Shareholder Wealth as the Primary Goal Any financial decision to become effective needs better understanding of organizational goals. Shareholder Wealth Maximization should guide the decision making of the firm which needs to be represented in the common stock price. Profit maximization shouldnt overshadow Shareholder Wealth Maximization as many a times decisions taken to maximize profits of the owner has a short term view and in the long term erodes the value of shareholder wealth. Warren Buffet, who has been the advocate of Shareholder wealth, says that long term economic goal of any organization should be increasing the average annual gain of the intrinsic business value in their firm for their shareholders. Economic progress isnt shown by size of firm but by per share progress (Smith 2003, pp 52-76). Shareholder Wealth Maximization goal should be about management of firm seeking to increase the present value of their future of their shareholder but not increasing the profits of promoters. This return to shareholder needs to be given in the form of periodic dividends as well as if any shareholder decided to sell of the stock. As long as the dividend stream or the value stream is flowing, it increases the value of shareholder. Also, the higher the risk for future wealth growth, it reduce the faith of shareholders on the company. Stock prices always show what is the timing and risk associated with the future benefits which can be reaped by the shareholders. Shareholder wealth is defined as per the total number of shares times the value of per share at which it trades in the stock exchange the company is listed (Van Beurden Gossling 2008, pp 407-424). The advantages of using Shareholder Wealth Maximization as an objective are:- This considers the time period as well as the risk in investing in the firm. Managers must take in account this while making decisions like expenditure so that in contributed to increase shareholder wealth. Shareholder Wealth Maximization can be tested with every decision which is made by organization so that consistency in decisions can be maintained. If the decision increase shareholder wealth it is a good decision, otherwise it isnt, hence it shouldnt be taken. Shareholder Wealth Maximization is impersonal by nature. Shareholder is free to take their funds out and sell the shares and invest anywhere. If the shareholders risk preference isnt according to the decisions made by the firm, the shareholder will sell the sticks owned by him and invest in the organization which has best profile as per his investment needs (Bejou 2011, pp 1-6). For all of these reasons, Shareholder Wealth Maximization should be the primary goal to be achieved by any firm. But, the issues like social responsibilities managerial objectives, agency problems can create departure from pure Shareholder Wealth Maximization behavior shown by managers as well as promoters and more considerate in profit maximization. Nonetheless, Shareholder Wealth Maximization objective gives a standard on which every managerial decision can be judged and screened on (Ahlstrom 2010, pp 11-24). . Divergent Objectives The goal of shareholder wealth maximization is about how financial decisions should be made in an organization. But, not all management decisions need to be made by this. Using the index of managerial performance, we can measure the managerial success in achieving the shareholder wealth maximization objective. They should try and work to maximize Economic Value addition which is the difference between profit after tax and the cost of capital employed to generate that profit. Multiple corporations like Coca Cola, AT T, and General Electric use this concept of Economic Value added (Husted de Jesus Salazar 2006, pp 76-91). It has been seen that all those firms which dont give attention to stockholder interests and are more indulged in promoter profit maximization perform poorly in long term. There is always a divergence in shareholder wealth maximization goal and the other objectives which are undertaken by management. The main reason for this divergence is shareholders are real owner but control is with promoters in all corporations. This separation of ownership and control allows manager to pursue self-promoting goals which are not in line with shareholder wealth maximization. They are consistent to maintain the control of the company. Instead of pursuing the goal of shareholder wealth maximization, managers just work for satisfying or look for acceptable levels of shareholder wealth increase, while working for their interest improvement (Shaw 2009, pp 565-576). The maximization of personal welfare of managers can lead to long run job security of themselves. The focus on long term survival of managers limits the risk taken by firm as unfavorable outcomes can lead to disastrous outcomes for the firm. Similarly, the need for job security is one reason why management doesnt allow any merger offers given by other companies. The Golden Parachute approach is usually in the interests of managers more than the shareholders wealth. Now days, multiple companies give top management stock options which ensures their ownership in the company. Pan-American gives retirement option in common stocks which ensures that they think on the options to increase the share price. This helps in alignment of interests of managers with those of shareholders (Bejou 2011, pp 1-6). Agency Problems The presence of different objectives of owners and managers is one kind of agency relationship problem. Agency relationships happen when one individual hires other individual so that he can perform duties on behalf of his. They delegate the decision making to the agent. These kinds of agency relationships exist between stockholders and managers and those of stockholders and creditors. When we talk about agency relationship between stockholders and managers, the inefficiency rises as each party works in a way to maximize its interests and utility. The management thinking for looking for long term survival rather than thinking about shareholder wealth maximization. Other example is about using company airplanes, limousines and offices without having any ownership in the firm. This shirking by managers is an issue. Enron Corp lost $1 billion of investments in 2001. In 1991, Enron permitted their CFO to purchase assets and minimize the risk of Enron. The CFO made million personally. This conflict of interests made way for Enron filing for bankruptcy in Chapter 11 (Smith 2003, pp 52-76). In Enron Case, the agency issue was poorly handled which led to shareholders feel the brunt of this mismatch. Agency costs include 1) Expenditures made for minimizing the incentives for management which management took for removing decisions in contrast of shareholder interest, Such as giving management compensation in from of stock option of the firm. 2) Expenditure to oversee management action like audits both external and internal. 3) Protection of organization from managerial dishonesty. 4) Opportunity cost of lost chances due to complex structure of organization (Husted de Jesus Salazar 2006, pp 76-91). Managerial motivation act in the stockholder interest when they have stock in form of compensation, the threat of losing their job and threat of being taken over by any other organization. Agency problems and related costs can be decreases if financial markets are efficient enough. Also, it can be done with the use of complex contracts in financial terms. Agency problems lead to costs which reduce the value of firm on market place (Bejou 2011, pp 1-6). The Other agency conflict is between shareholder and creditors starts from the relation between owners and creditors. Creditors always stake a fixed claim on companys resources in lieu of long term debts, bank loans, commercial agreements and other instruments. The returns given to creditors are fixed while those to shareholders are variable due to stock price. Owners can try to make risky investment decisions, but creditors need to be paid back in full but investments need to be made as early as possible. Creditors to protect their money ask for other protective covers from company line bond indentures, limitation on dividend payments, types of Investments Company can make, poison pills and new debt application. This all can reduce the potential market value of the firm (Ahlstrom 2010, pp 11-24). Problems with Profit Maximization strategy If Managers of any firm want to work in the direction of shareholder wealth maximization, they should look beyond their conventional thinking of owner profit maximization. Profit maximization model isnt useful for decision making due to multiple reasons like 1) The standard macroeconomic model for any firm is static. Profit maximization cant compare short term and long term profits. Profit decisions should be reflected on time basis. And should have a long term impact on the firm 2) Profit is defined in accounting terms between costs and revenue, but it doesnt define any priority on multiple things like maximization of absolute profit, rate of profit as well as earnings per share. 3) The last problem is profit maximization of owners gives no way for managers to seek the risk assessment option. Tw projects giving same profits can have different risk profile (Cosans 2009, pp. 391-399) Conclusion The complete concentration on shareholder wealth maximization has been under criticism since the dot com burst. A shareholder value increase talks about benefit of the owners only but doesnt talk about the social issues like employment, environment and ethics. Any management decision can maximize shareholder value but can lower welfare of other stakeholders listed above. A Company while making decisions for maximizing shareholder value can also prove detrimental to interests of its customers as multiple decision regarding product lines can have effect. Also, shareholder wealth maximization strategy needs to have a long term view not a short term one. The intrinsic value of any business is brought up by the combination of financial might, societal contribution, employee satisfaction and shareholder interests maximization. This is said to be stakeholder value maximization. However, this concept is very hard to implement as every decision cant be useful to all stakeholder. They need to be prioritized and weighted upon before implementing nay managerial decision

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

A wise person once said something to this effect: "Quotes are just another way of masking one's true feelings." I'd tell you the person who wrote it, but I can barely even remember it word for word. It's funny I crossed paths with this quote just days before I was informed I would be speaking at commencement. Someone or something, maybe a higher power, meant for this quote and I to meet. The irony of the whole situation is that the author's quote was turned into a quote, which is most likely the opposite of their intentions. My reasoning for bringing up this situation is simple. When first given the task of writing this speech, I was at a loss for ideas. Mr. Troll told me to begin with a quote or say something profound - a task that was a lot easier said than done. In all honesty, it was such a hard task that it kept me thinking until the night before the speech was due, which is when I actually began working on it. All of a sudden I remembered, "What about that quote that disses quotes!?" Then it hit me - take it and run. Instead of disguising my voice with fancy, long words I don't even understand, I decided to just be me. After all, me is really all I can be. I'm going to make my own quotes with the help from a few so someone can bite from my original thoughts, not vice versa. People kept telling me to find a central topic to focus on and work around. Yeah, I tried that, but of course, it didn't work. So I eventually decided to say whatever came to mind. This is how I came to recite the words, which are now flowing through the complex workings of your inner ears. Freshmen year was a blast. As soon as I walked through the doors of the hallowed halls of Kennedy, I knew all would be fine. Before entering I was told man... ...s not trying to ruin my life or make me hate him, he was only trying to mold me into a successful student. I will forever be grateful to him for doing what he did. Some call it making one tough, others call it tough love, but I call it devotion. He was so devoted to my education that he would not let me slip up. For this, I would like to say thanks. Thanks Vick! I owe you one. In conclusion, I want to say that I hope you take something away from the words I have said. If you do, great, and even if you don't, I'm not worried because it is not the end of the world. To the graduating class of 2003, I have one final tidbit to say: "We made it, and no one can take this day away from us." The very last thing I have to say is, "Thanks Mom! One day I'll be able to invest in you all that you have invested in me. I mean that both financially and emotionally. I love you!" Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address A wise person once said something to this effect: "Quotes are just another way of masking one's true feelings." I'd tell you the person who wrote it, but I can barely even remember it word for word. It's funny I crossed paths with this quote just days before I was informed I would be speaking at commencement. Someone or something, maybe a higher power, meant for this quote and I to meet. The irony of the whole situation is that the author's quote was turned into a quote, which is most likely the opposite of their intentions. My reasoning for bringing up this situation is simple. When first given the task of writing this speech, I was at a loss for ideas. Mr. Troll told me to begin with a quote or say something profound - a task that was a lot easier said than done. In all honesty, it was such a hard task that it kept me thinking until the night before the speech was due, which is when I actually began working on it. All of a sudden I remembered, "What about that quote that disses quotes!?" Then it hit me - take it and run. Instead of disguising my voice with fancy, long words I don't even understand, I decided to just be me. After all, me is really all I can be. I'm going to make my own quotes with the help from a few so someone can bite from my original thoughts, not vice versa. People kept telling me to find a central topic to focus on and work around. Yeah, I tried that, but of course, it didn't work. So I eventually decided to say whatever came to mind. This is how I came to recite the words, which are now flowing through the complex workings of your inner ears. Freshmen year was a blast. As soon as I walked through the doors of the hallowed halls of Kennedy, I knew all would be fine. Before entering I was told man... ...s not trying to ruin my life or make me hate him, he was only trying to mold me into a successful student. I will forever be grateful to him for doing what he did. Some call it making one tough, others call it tough love, but I call it devotion. He was so devoted to my education that he would not let me slip up. For this, I would like to say thanks. Thanks Vick! I owe you one. In conclusion, I want to say that I hope you take something away from the words I have said. If you do, great, and even if you don't, I'm not worried because it is not the end of the world. To the graduating class of 2003, I have one final tidbit to say: "We made it, and no one can take this day away from us." The very last thing I have to say is, "Thanks Mom! One day I'll be able to invest in you all that you have invested in me. I mean that both financially and emotionally. I love you!"

Battle of the Sexes :: essays papers

Battle of the Sexes Had the daughters and wives of the countryside played a part in the committees in Tunnel Six and elsewhere? Was it common for a woman to bring a dispute before the assembly? What did the fact of the conflict’s setting a pair of women against each other say about solidarity and division by gender in the countryside? Could a woman ever be a rondero? In 1977, a woman’s committee was organized in Cuyumalca by Omelia Lopez. Omelia was soon to be the first president of the women’s committee. The question is why did it take this long for women to be heard? At the time women’s complaints of domestic violence and village thefts were almost completely dismissed and ignored by Peru’s national authorities. Also many women chose not to get involved. They strongly were believers that men were the ones in charge and the woman belonged in the home. Women were to believe that they were tied by nature to the pettiness of jealousy and scandal, less able than men to see what was best for the family and village. From what they were taught, it was just not possible, until Omelia. Omelia did have some help from Daniel Idrogo, an organizer from the Communist Party of Peru-Red Homeland. Daniel is a strong believer in Maoism. The Chinese leader had often repeated that â€Å"without the participation of women there can be no victory against imperialism†. Daniel said. â€Å"The rondas would be stronger if everybody participated†. So what were their goals? The main task was to accompany and support their men. The women’s committee was only an appendage of the ronda committee, which was run by men. So even if the women weren’t as high as the men’s status, they were still doing something about and being heard for once. The chief duty was to enforce the male obligation to take a turn on the nightwatch. Women were necessary in the making the rondas an instrument of peasant power and revolution. With each organization came problems. For instance, Lack of female solidarity. Rumors flowed, like women committees were â€Å"an excuse for lazy senoras to get together to gossip†. The larger problem was a backlash against the new activism. Which is stated that a husband controlled a wife, who was not to take a step without the boss’s permission. A final factor was outside opposition given by other newspapers.

Human Growth and Development Case Study

The paper Is focused primarily on cognitive, physical, and social developments. This paper will discuss the relationship I see between theories of observing and planning and theories of development in childhood education. Michael is 6 years and 11 months old. It is October and he is in first class. Michael rarely makes contact, and when he is directly asked to do so he turns and looks at the back wall of the classroom. He displays this behavior also when asked to participate in group work.When in class he maintains a low level of continuous dialogue which is never directed towards other students. When he asks questions in class they never have any relevance to the immediate context of the lesson. When he talks to other students he talks at them rather than to them and does not require a response. It is also evident in his interaction with the teacher that his conversation lacks any element of transaction. He demonstrates a literal understanding of instruction I. E. Recently he was to ld to sit down and finish his work and not to move until he was finished.Michael did finish the work but continued to sit all trough lunch until the teacher on yard duty noticed him sitting in the empty classroom. He reported he had been told not to move. It is clear that he does not understand facial expressions and body language and communication needs to be kept at a very concrete and unambiguous level. Increasingly he is becoming socially isolated in the class as he displays little interest in the other children and they find his behavior difficult to understand.At a time in their lives when children are beginning to form real friendships his difficulties are becoming more apparent in the social area. He moans quiet frequently that the other children call him a baby out in the yard and this has become an issue with his parents as they claim he is being bullied in the art. Close observation of Michael reveals that he does in fact behave in a babyish manner quiet a lot of time and lacks levels of independence consistent with his age group. He along with the rest of his class has completed the Micro T. And Stigma T. Sets of reading and math attainment. On both tests Michael scores two standards deviations above the norm indicating that his intellectual ability is very high. This in turn calls into question his lack of ability to function in the social and communication areas. A report is compiled for all students prior to the annual parent teacher meeting. When completing Michaels report form the only option for the teacher is to tick â€Å"poor† in all the sections relating to social development. At the parent teacher meeting Michaels social and communication skills become the focus of the discussion.They reluctantly agree that they had noticed some worrying behavior particularly when they compared his development to that of their younger son who is four. They report that they try to provide Michael with opportunities to socialism but that on occasion when he invites other children home to play Michael ignores them. People rather than with them.. He doesn't look people in the eye when he speaks to them, and he seems unaware of the subtleties of verbal and nonverbal communication. He is socially isolated, has low level of independence. Michael intellectual ability is very high.If Michael were evaluated medically he would possibly receive a diagnosis of Aspirer Syndrome (AS). What is Aspirer Syndrome? Austrian pediatrician Hans Aspirer first described the problem in 1944, but it was not until 1991 that the constellation of symptoms/experiences now known as Aspirer Syndrome (or Espalier's Disorder) became more widely known and accepted. In 1994 the American Psychiatric Association included the diagnosis in their Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (ADSM). Since then, as many as one in 250 children and adults may meet the diagnostic criteria.The medical community places AS in the same family of problems such as aut ism, what the ADSM calls â€Å"pervasive developmental disorders. † Those with AS have a difficult time developing good relationships, particularly with peers, for several reasons: * Nonverbal communication struggles-?children with AS have trouble expressing and interpreting nonverbal forms of communication such as ye contact, facial expressions, body postures, and gestures. He may miss or misinterpret subtle nonverbal cues that signal anger, irritation, boredom, or amusement in others, often leading to misunderstanding and conflict in relationships. Verbal communication struggles-?unlike autistic children, those with AS can express themselves verbally, but he struggle to use these abilities wisely in the midst of conversations. He are better at communicating information about things he know than entering into the give and take of normal conversation. * Lack of social or emotional reciprocity-?AS children struggle to understand and relate to he feelings of others. This does n ot mean that he have no feelings; but that he have difficulty entering into another person's experiences, emotions, and thoughts.How Aspirer Syndrome can affect Michaels development Aspirer Syndrome can affect a Michaels development in a numerous number of ways. Erickson described development in a set of stages; an individual must overcome one to move on to the next. AS could seriously disturb the succession of reaching these stages and leave a person feeling very lost and confused if gone untreated. For instance, Michael who is in the stage of Industry vs.. Inferiority may be comparing himself to his peers and realize he is very different. The issues a child has in the socially anxious and even more cut off in the future (Beer, 2007).Piglet's theory on intellectual growth can somewhat be contradicted with children who have Aspirer Syndrome. Pigged said that all children when through four stages of cognitive development. The first is seniority, the second is operational, the third i s concrete-operational, and the fourth is formal-operational stage (Skip and Shaffer 61). These different stages coincide very well with children who do not have Aspirer Syndrome, but he do not coincide very nicely with children who do. Michael who has AS is very intellectual, and more advanced then what Pigged thought was capable in his stages.Pigged believed that children couldn't really move ahead in the stages while he was still in a young age but this is not true in relationship with children who have AS. One the other hand there are some areas that Michael is not as advanced as he should be according to Pigged. This Just continues to prove that Pigged had to think about different ways that different children have of developing cognitively. Many students with Espalier's may have a lack of self-motivation. According to Mason's Hierarchy of Needs and theory of motivation, a person has basic needs to fulfill.The lower levels of needs include survival, safety, belonging and self-es teem. The higher levels of needs include self-actualization, aesthetic appreciation, and intellectual achievement. (Gene ; Chukka, 2007) When considering Mason's theory, Michael may never reach the higher needs because the lower level needs have not been met. He often feel like he don't belong, he feel unsafe and he can also struggle with self-esteem. These factors can have a great effect on a Michaels motivation in the classroom. Michael may also have needs in the classroom that the teacher will need to accommodate for.It may be physical needs, such as softened lights or loud noise reduction or environmental needs, such as workspace that is comfortable and not overwhelming for the student. Michael may also have academic needs in the classroom as well, such as wait time, physical information rather than verbal or hands on manipulative. Some classroom teachers may need to have interventions set in place in the case that a student with Espalier's has behavior modifications in lace. Th ere needs to be a set discipline plan for all students as well as the AS student in the classroom.They might also have an individualized behavior plan designed to meet their specific needs and goals. These are set in place to help the AS student succeed in the regular education classroom. The key to keeping Michael motivated in the classroom is to find what works for him. It will not be the same for everyone and it is up to the school, teachers, counselors and parents to find a way to help that individual child be successful in their education. Just like any other student, Michael wants to succeed and be part of the school and classroom community.With the proper motivational techniques, this is possible for Michael. Characteristics, and the affect this disorder of Michaels development Aspirer their development. Hans Aspirer described these group of children with a significant and chronic nonrepresentational social disorder (Miles and Simpson 1). Michael show to have a lot of difficu ltly in social settings. Some characteristics of Michael are that he do not deal with social situations correctly. Autistic children have much more problems with language then children with AS, and this is the biggest preference between the two disorders.He also tend to show a lot of repetitive behaviors, and obsessions with certain things Jackson 45). People with AS can also experience some problems with their sleeping patterns, motor skills and emotions. There is no specific cause to Aspirer Syndrome or Autism, it is a fact of something going wrong in your genes. A diagnosis for Aspirer Syndrome is usually made between the ages of four to eleven. The child has to demonstrate an impairment in social situations, repetitive behaviors, and their also has to be not a severe impairment in language to be diagnosed as AS and not Autism.He have to take a series of cognitive and genetic assessments to see where he fall on the ADSM-IV Diagnostic Criteria. If he obtain a certain amount of the se qualities he are classified as having Aspirer Syndrome (Prior 18). Aspirer Syndrome is a very common disorder, it is important for people to understand the characteristics, and the affect this disorder has on the five domains of their development. Cognitive Domain There are some different cognitive findings with children who have Aspirer Syndrome. A defining characteristic of AS is an average or above average intellectual opacity (Miles and Simpson 10).Michael tends to do very well intellectually in school, mostly this is due to his ability to become fixated on a topic and therefore in a way become an expert on the topic. Children with AS usually also get diagnosed with an attention deficit disorder. Michael seem to have a hard time with paying attention, and he get distracted very easily. Michael seem to get lost in his own word very often. One minute it may seem like Michael is paying attention to what you are doing, and the next he is completely in his own word, and is total u naware of his surroundings.Other then these few cognitive problems unlike Autism, Aspirer Syndrome doesn't have as many. Linguistic domain Children with Aspirer Syndrome have some issues with language. Although it is much less serious then with children with Autism it is still a big part of their life. Michael has a lot of difficulty with language, body language and facial expressions. It is very hard for him to figure out what other people mean by the way they speak and the different kinds of expressions they make. Children with AS take things very literal, and this is a huge problem with their language Jackson 100).This is very important for teachers to understand, because when they give a student or else they will get very confused. For example, if a teacher tells Michaels to leave the room for a second, he would walk out of the classroom for exactly one second and then come back in. It is very hard for Michael to understand the true meaning as to what the person is telling him, and therefore he get very confused. There are some ways of helping these children with their difficulties which is having them take speech-language assessments.This studies the child's understanding of nonliterary engage, verbal problem solving, and nonverbal communication (Miles and Simpson 26). Getting Michael into these programs early in his life, can really impact how well his language understanding develops as adults. Physical domain Children with Aspirer Syndrome tend to have some physical problems. Physical activity can be hard for children with AS because most of the children have a degree of fine and gross motor problems (Prior 207). Children with AS tend to have bad balance and hand eye coordination, they can also be very clumsy.This makes it very hard for Michael to play on a team. Difficulties with fine motor skills affect Michaels performance academically. He can sometimes have trouble grasping a pencil, and therefore he write very messy. This also causes a lot of probl ems in physical education class (Miles and Simpson 62). Students with AS have a very hard time physically and gym can be very hard on them emotionally because children tend to make fun of someone who is very bad at sports. Children with Aspirer Syndrome also have problems with textures and sensory perception.Certain textures can really bother a person with AS. So can different sounds. A child with AS has heightened menses and this causes them to get very disturbed by certain things Jackson 61). Children with AS also have different dietary needs. There is a theory that gluten and casein products can not be broken down with people on the Autistic spectrum. The removal of these foods can be very beneficial to the child's health. Going on a gluten free diet has shown some amazing results in helping children with Autism deal with their dietary needs Jackson 82).Social Domain Children with Aspirer Syndrome have a lot of difficulty with social situations. Michael sometimes doesn't know how to handle some situations that he is not used to. It is said that children with AS don't understand when they are standing to close to someone, which would make them uncomfortable. Also Michael has difficulties with following people around, and not knowing that this is bothering the person he is following. It is also very hard for Michael to tell if someone is bored because he doesn't understand peoples facial expressions, and different emotional expressions Jackson 164).Research states that children with AS demonstrate impairments in their relationships with peers, difficulties with participating in reciprocal conversations and using nonverbal communication cues within social exchanges Prior 105). Michael also has a very hard time with maintaining eye contact with Michael to be socially awkward in his lack of eye contact (Prior 106). This can be very frustrating for Michael because he feel like he is doing everything right and normal with other people, but he end up doing things a ll wrong. Emotional Domain (Self-esteem) Some children have a much healthier self-regard than others.However, children who are aware that they have significant difficulties that keep them apart from their peers are almost guaranteed to have low self-esteem. And this is exacerbated by sleep robbers, bullying, difficulties with school-work, relationship problems etc. Clearly, self-esteem issues are common in children with Aspirer Syndrome. Studies show that children who are given help with Social Skills and are able to translate this into real life situations, develop higher self-esteem, and some children benefit from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy There are several strands that Michaels parents and teachers should keep an eye on.Teachers need to make sure that Michael is not being bullied, that he can access school work, that he can cope with playtime's and dinner hours. Espies are often perfectionists, and therefore often feel that they are letting people down when they do not do some thing perfectly. Michael needs to know his rules about doing his best. He often avoids situations where he is afraid of failing. Michael need to be encouraged to take risks, maybe going into a social situation, and then emphasis the things he has done well. Success in one situation can give the confidence to tackle another new thing.Conclusion Every child is unique – unique in the way he develops and grows. A child's development from baby to toddler, from child to teenager from teenager to adult usually follows an expected pattern. Sometimes this pattern of development is delayed. The delay may be mild or severe. Every child develops differently, however some differences may indicate a developmental disorder or delay. This is where important developmental milestones or stages are missed or delayed. Many children with Espaliers Syndrome also have sensory processing difficulties.Children with Espaliers Syndrome often find social situations extremely trying and stressful. They f requently have stereotypical patterns of behavior and can be obsessive about very specific interests, in addition to some peach and language peculiarities and issues with non-verbal communication, Many of these young people have average or above average intelligence – but lack the skills to communicate easily, have very poor social skills and may not be able to empathic or relate well to other children or adults.These children often have great difficulty ‘reading' other people's emotions or feelings. These difficulties can persist through teenage and adult life. However with family and school supports and with early intervention, young people None of us can choose our genes, our parents, or the place where we are born. We all have feelings and we all live in the same world. Let's make it a kind and friendly place for everyone. Advises for Michael parents and teachers: Aspire – The Aspirer Syndrome Association of Ireland Collinear House, Carmichael Centre, Colline ar Street, Dublin 7, Ireland.