Bmg Entertainment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bmg Entertainment - Essay Example There is competition from other major record companies such as: - Sony Music Entertainment Universal Music Group Warner Music Group WEAKNESS Decisions about how to organize and operate the company With BMG Entertainment, three of the 25 units within the division were making losses. High prices charged at the store. PORTER'S FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS The bargaining power of the customer is high. The customers have tendency of switching to another product without incurring high cost of switching. There are so many customers for the music. The customers are responsible for the supplier's revenue realized as they buy a large portion of the industry's output. The bargaining power of the suppliers is not high. Availability of substitute products. There is low switching cost created by suppliers' products. There are few suppliers for the product. A large customer of suppliers comes from individual buyers. The buyers' market place success does not determine the suppliers' goods. The threat of new entrants is not too high. The industry requires high capital to start. There are economies of scale. Product differentiation is moderate. The threat of substitute products is high. The existing product has the same quality and performance to that of the substitute product. The substitute products are offered at lower prices. There is few switching cost incurred by the buyers. The intensity of competitive rivalry among competitors is high. Switching costs incurred are low. The growth in the music industry is high. Diversification is moderate. Fixed costs are too high. Competitors for the industry include: Sony, Universal, EMI, BMG and Warner Music Group. VRIS MODEL Resources/Capability V R I S Performance Good...For this case, BMG Entertainment is supposed to use differentiation strategy, as what the customer need is a variety of music at a low price. The company should not be left behind technology wise; hence in order for them to retain their customers, they should introduce Online retailers to sell music at low prices. BMG Entertainment should develop websites whereby their customers will be able to download music at low prices. By adopting the technological change, BMG Entertainment will be in a position of producing a variety of products and selling at relatively low prices. This is more convenient to customers in term of price as its low and they will prevail in the market against its rivals. BMG Entertainment can prevail in the market if they upgrade their website system. They should invest heavily on digital technology for the sake of handling their digital customers professionally. They should introduce more Online retailer store that will make download of music cheap. BMG should use Joint Venture, Multi domestic and related diversification strategies. Joint Venture will expand rapidly at low cost, shared risks and less competition.

How electronic medication administration has prevent medication error Essay

How electronic medication administration has prevent medication error - Essay Example Research reveals that eMAR (electronic medication administration record) minimizes medication administration faults, as well as other adverse occasions that are drug-related. With the help of eMAR bar code technology, physicians are capable of issuing correct medication at the right time to the appropriate patients (Chan, 2010). When nurses adopt this technology, patients’ medication orders appear on their chart electronically after being endorsed by a pharmacist. Nurses are also alerted by this technology in case the medication of a particular patient is overdue. Here, the nurse is supposed to scan the patients’ barcode on their wristband before proceeding to those who are on medication. If the two fail to match the appropriate medication order, one is issued with a warning indicating that the treatment is not right (Richardson, Thomas, & McDowell, 2013). Moreover, CPOE (computerized provider order entry) is an electronic prescribing practice that minimizes errors that are related to wrong transcription or poor handwriting. CPOE systems support drug prescription, alert on unsafe interactions, and allow physicians to make right medication decisions, which minimizes errors further (Ward, Froehle, Hart, Collins, & Lindsell, 2014). Therefore, it is true that electronic medication administration plays a vital role in inhibiting medical faults. Chan, S. (2010). Factors Associated With the Use of Electronic Information Systems for Drug Dispensing and Medication Administration Records in Nursing Homes. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 9(6), 414-421. Richardson, S. J., Thomas, S. K., & McDowell, S. K. (2013). Medication self-administration in hospitalised patients: An evaluation using data from an electronic prescribing and medication administration system. Clinical Therapeutics, 36(8), e32-e37. Ward, M. J., Froehle, C. M., Hart, K. W., Collins, S. P., & Lindsell, C. J. (2014). Transient and Sustained Changes in

Trends in Hiv Prevalence Essay Example for Free

Trends in Hiv Prevalence Essay ABSTRACT HIV prevalence in the world is becoming increasingly high. As of mid-1998, the HIV/AIDS pandemic continues to spread unequally around the world. In many cities in sub-Saharan African countries more than a quarter of young and middle-aged adults are infected with HIV, whereas in most developed countries, the number of annual AIDS cases continues to decrease. The status and of HIV epidemics in most other areas of the world remains uncertain because of inadequate data on the prevalence of HIV-risk behaviours. Hence, this paper presentation seeks to examine the trends of HIV prevalence across the world taking all the continents into consideration. INTRODUCTION HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus is a lentivirus, and like all viruses of this type, it attacks the immune system. Lentiviruses are in turn part of a larger group of viruses known as retroviruses. The name lentivirus literally means slow virus because they take such a long time to produce any adverse effects in the body. They have been found in a number of different animals, including cats, sheep, horses and cattle. However, the most interesting lentivirus in terms of the investigation into the origins of HIV is the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) that affects monkeys, which is believed to be at least 32,000 years old. It is now generally accepted that HIV is a descendant of a Simian Immunodeficiency Virus because certain strains of SIVs bear a very close resemblance to HIV-1 and HIV-2, the two types of HIV. HIV-2 for example corresponds to SIVsm, a strain of the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus found in the sooty mangabey (also known as the White-collared monkey), which is indigenous to western Africa. The more virulent, pandemic strain of HIV, namely HIV-1, was until recently more difficult to place. Until 1999, the closest counterpart that had been identified was SIVcpz, the SIV found in chimpanzees. However, this virus still had certain significant differences from HIV There are a number of factors that may have contributed to the sudden spread of HIV, most of which occurred in the latter half of the twentieth century and these includes: * Blood Transfusion * Drug Use * Mother-to-Child Transfusion ORIGIN OF HIV The origin of AIDS and HIV has puzzled scientists ever since the illness first came to light in the early 1980s. For over twenty years it has been the subject of fierce debate and the cause of countless arguments, with everything from a promiscuous flight attendant to a suspect vaccine programme being blamed. The first recognized case of AIDS occurred in the USA in the early 1980s. A number of gay men in New York and California suddenly began to develop rare opportunistic infections and cancers that seemed stubbornly resistant to any treatment. At this time, AIDS did not yet have a name, but it quickly became obvious that all the men were suffering from a common syndrome. The discovery of HIV, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, was made soon after. While some were initially resistant to acknowledge the connection (and indeed some remain so today), there is now clear evidence to prove that HIV causes AIDS. So, in order to find the source of AIDS, it is necessary to look for the origin of HIV, and find out how, when and where HIV first began to cause disease in humans. In February 1999 a group of researchers from the University of Alabama announced that they had found a type of SIVcpz that was almost identical to HIV-1. This particular strain was identified in a frozen sample taken from a captive member of the sub-group of chimpanzees known as Pan Troglodytes (P. t. troglodytes), which were once common in west-central Africa. The researchers (led by Paul Sharp of Nottingham University and Beatrice Hahn of the University of Alabama) made the discovery during the course of a 10-year long study into the origins of the virus. They claimed that this sample proved that chimpanzees were the source of HIV-1, and that the virus had at some point crossed species from chimps to humans. Their final findings were published two years later in Nature magazine. In this article, they concluded that wild chimps had been infected simultaneously with two different simian immunodeficiency viruses which had viral sex to form a third virus that could be passed on to other chimps and, more significantly, was capable of infecting humans and causing AIDS. These two different viruses were traced back to a SIV that infected red-capped mangabeys and one found in greater spot-nosed monkeys. They believe that the hybridisation took place inside chimps that had become infected with both strains of SIV after they hunted and killed the two smaller species of monkey. They also concluded that all three groups of HIV-1 namely Group M, N and O (see our strains and subtypes page for more information on these) came from the SIV found in P. t. troglodytes, and that each group represented a separate crossover event from chimps to humans. It has been known for a long time that certain viruses can pass between species. Indeed, the very fact that chimpanzees obtained SIV from two other species of primate shows just how easily this crossover can occur. As animals ourselves, we are just as susceptible. When a viral transfer between animals and humans takes place, it is known as zoonosis. The most commonly accepted theory on how zoonosis took place, and how SIV became HIV in humans is that of the hunter. In this scenario, SIVcpz was transferred to humans as a result of chimps being killed and eaten or their blood getting into cuts or wounds on the hunter. Normally the hunters body would have fought off SIV, but on a few occasions it adapted itself within its new human host and became HIV-1. The fact that there were several different early strains of HIV, each with a slightly different genetic make-up (the most common of which was HIV-1 group M), would support this theory: every time it passed from a chimpanzee to a man, it would have developed in a slightly different way within his body, and thus produced a slightly different strain. An article published in The Lancet in 20044 , also shows how retroviral transfer from primates to hunters is still occurring even today. In a sample of 1099 individuals in Cameroon, they discovered ten (1%) were infected with SFV (Simian Foamy Virus), an illness which, like SIV, was previously thought only to infect primates. All these infections were believed to have been acquired through the butchering and consumption of monkey and ape meat. Discoveries such as this have led to calls for an outright ban on bush meat hunting to prevent simian viruses being passed to humans. Others theories include: * The oral polio vaccine (OPV) theory * The contaminated needle theory * The colonialism theory * The conspiracy theory Four of the earliest known instances of HIV infection are as follows: * A plasma sample taken in 1959 from an adult male living in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo. * A lymph node sample taken in 1960 from an adult female, also from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. * HIV found in tissue samples from an American teenager who died in St. Louis in 1969. A 1998 analysis of the plasma sample from 1959 suggested that HIV-1 was introduced into humans around the 1940s or the early 1950s.   In January 2000, the results of a new study16 suggested that the first case of HIV-1 infection occurred around 1931 in West Africa. This estimate (which had a 15 year margin of error) was based on a complex computer model of HIVs evolution. However, a study in 200817 dated the origin of HIV to between 1884 and 1924, much earlier than previous estimates. The researchers compared the viral sequence from 1959 (the oldest known HIV-1 specimen) to the newly discovered sequence from 1960. They found a significant genetic difference between them, demonstrating diversification of HIV-1 occurred long before the AIDS pandemic was recognised. The authors suggest a long history of the virus in Africa and call Kinshasa the â€Å"epicentre of the HIV/AIDS pandemic† in Central Africa. They propose the early spread of HIV was concurrent with the development of colonial cities, in which crowding of people increased opportunities for HIV transmission. If accurate, these findings imply that HIV existed before many scenarios (such as the OPV and conspiracy theories) suggest. Until recently, the origins of the HIV-2 virus had remained relatively unexplored. HIV-2 is thought to come from the SIV in Sooty Mangabeys rather than chimpanzees, but the crossover to humans is believed to have happened in a similar way (i.e. through the butchering and consumption of monkey meat). It is far rarer, significantly less infectious and progresses more slowly to AIDS than HIV-1. As a result, it infects far fewer people, and is mainly confined to a few countries in West Africa. In May 2003, a group of Belgian researchers published a report18 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. By analysing samples of the two different subtypes of HIV-2 (A and B) taken from infected individuals and SIV samples taken from sooty mangabeys, Dr Vandamme concluded that subtype A had passed into humans around 1940 and subtype B in 1945 (plus or minus 16 years or so). Her team of researchers also discovered that the virus had originated in Guinea-Bissau and that its spread was most likely precipitated by the independence war that took place in the country between 1963 and 1974 (Guinea-Bissau is a former Portuguese colony). Her theory was backed up by the fact that the first European cases of HIV-2 were discovered among Portuguese veterans of the war, many of whom had received blood transfusions or unsterile injections following injury, or had possibly had relationships with local women. TRENDS IN HIV PREVALENCE Since 2001, MEASURE Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) have included HIV testing in 31 countries. In 13 of these countries testing has been included in two surveys, which provides an opportunity to examine trends. However, trend data must be viewed with caution, as only some changes are statistically significant. Trends in HIV Prevalence In the charts below, changes in HIV prevalence that are statistically significant are marked with an asterisk and a star.   While it may appear that HIV prevalence has decreased in most countries, these decreases are only statistically significant in the Dominican Republic, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Tanzania, Malawi, and Zimbabwe. This means that in these countries, the change is large enough that it is unlikely that the decrease is due to chance alone; it probably represents true change in the HIV prevalence in the population. In some countries, such as Tanzania, the decrease is statistically significant for the population as a whole, and for men, but not for women. In Cameroon, Burkina Faso, and Zimbabwe, HIV prevalence has decreased among both women and men. DHS surveys have not detected any change in HIV prevalence in Mali, Senegal, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Lesotho, or Zambia. What does this mean? Because HIV prevalence is a measure of all HIV infections in a population, a decrease in HIV prevalence could indicate that fewer people are becoming infected, and/or that more people with HIV have died in a population. Similarly, an increase in HIV prevalence could point to more new infections, and/or could indicate an increase in HIV-positive individuals living longer on anti-retroviral therapy. TRENDS IN HIV PREVALENCE IN ASIA PACIFIC REGION With over 60 percent if the worlds population, the Asia-Pacific Region presents a wide diversity of HIV-related risk environments, in terms of behavioural, political and cultural factors. Within the framework of this diversity, there has also been a wide range of HIV epidemics and responses, both across and within countries. It is not therefore possible to present a simple analysis of the actual and potential occurrence of HIV infection in this vast region. Our understanding of the HIV epidemic and its determinants in the Asia-Pacific Region has improved substantially over the past 3-5 years, as a number of countries have implemented comprehensive surveillance systems for HIV prevalence, and sexual and injecting risk behaviours. Despite these advances, a number of countries still have a limited capacity to assess the occurrence of HIV infection and related behaviours, and to monitor the impact of interventions. A recent factor of importance in the Asia-Pacific environment has been the economic tumult of the past year. While various predictions have been made of the potential impact on the HIV epidemic, it is not possible to state with any certainty whether their net effect will be to increase or decrease the incidence of risk behaviour or HIV transmission. Since extensive HIV transmission has been a very recent phenomenon in a number of Asia-Pacific countries, there has so far been little experience with the care and support of people with HIV-related illness. Apart from Australia, Thailand and Japan, few countries have a healthcare workforce, which is adequately prepared to care for substantial numbers of people developing HIV-related illness. Without simplifying too much, it is possible to classify the differing patterns of HIV transmission into broad categories, based on available surveillance data. In Australia and New Zealand, the virtually all HIV transmission has been through sex between men, and the incidence of transmission via this route has long been recognized as having declined substantially in the 1980s. In a few countries, such as Thailand, Cambodia and parts of Myanmar and India, heterosexual transmission has been extensive, mediated through large-scale sex industries but extending now to the regular partners of sex workers male clients. Some countries have HIV epidemics among injecting drug users (IDU) with limited associated heterosexual transmission. These include countries such as Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, and some areas of India and China. Other countries have limited, but well documented spread of HIV infections, such as the Philippines, Indonesia, Japan, and South Korea. Several countries have not reported substantial numbers of HIV infection, but do not appear to have comprehensive, ongoing surveillance systems. Papua New Guinea, Pakistan and Bangladesh are countries which may have a substantial risk environment, and need to strengthen their surveillance activities. The analysis of HIV epidemic trends in the region becomes more meaningful when a focus is placed on populations whose cultural and social affinity and networks transcend geopolitical borders. A new geography of HIV/AIDS in the region then emerges that helps recognize the foci of intense HIV spread. These include large metropolitan areas in western and southern India (Mumbai, Chinnai); the India/Nepal border area; the larger Golden Triangle, which reaches out to northern Thailand, eastern Myanmar, but also encompasses the areas of Manipur in India and Yunnan in China; and the Mekong delta area, which includes Cambodia and southern Vietnam. To gain better understanding of the dynamics of HIV epidemics, factors of affinity between populations as well as mobility patterns must be explored and mapped out.

Factors Affecting Hand Washing Compliance

Factors Affecting Hand Washing Compliance Factors Affecting the Compliance of Hand Washing Among Healthcare Workers in a Long-term Care Facility in Los Angeles, California Noela Gadingan Samantha Tweeten, PhD Healthcare workers deal with different types of patients every day. Every patient has their own microorganisms that contributed to the development of their diagnosis. Hand hygiene plays a critical role especially among healthcare workers as they deal with not only one but several patients. Hand washing is vital in the prevention of the different hospital acquired infections or also known as the nosocomial infections. The increasing incidence of nosocomial infection is very alarming knowing that there are many organizations such as the Joint Commission and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention who exert effort to implement the guidelines of hand hygiene among healthcare workers. A research article on a survey on hand washing practices and opinions of healthcare workers shows that healthcare workers knew the importance and benefits of hand washing, but still, they tend to overestimate their own compliance. It also shows that healthcare workers were more concerned on the different interventions that would make hand washing easier (Harris et al., 2000). Another research article on hand hygiene compliance rate in the United States of America presented a 12-month multicenter collaboration where researchers measured the product usage and provided feedback about hand washing compliance to assess the hand washing compliance rates in the United States of America. The result shows that the rate of hand washing among healthcare workers is still at or below 50%; the researchers suggest that with the combination of monitoring and providing feedback, compliance rate would increase (http://ajm.sagepub.com.ezproxy.nu.edu/content/24/3/205). The researcher of this study chose this topic because there are many programs and organizations that exerted efforts, time, and money to implement hand washing, yet there are still incidences of non-compliance. The topic on hand washing seems is common and seems to be easy yet ignored by some individuals. As a result, there are a lot of unanswered questions on the aspects of hand washing compliance. The increasing incidence rate of nosocomial infections among the patients provides a significant reason to conduct this research study. Healthcare providers are expected to care, cure, and help patients achieve a quality of life; thus, hand washing should not be a want but rather a need. However, there are some knowledge gaps that still need answers and limitations that may not have given a complete solution to address this issue. The purpose of the study is to know the different factors that affect the compliance among healthcare workers in a long-term care facility in Los Angeles California and to assess the knowledge and attitude of the healthcare workers concerning the practice of hand washing. The hypothesis is that there are several factors affecting the compliance of hand washing among healthcare workers, such as lack of awareness, lack of education on the importance of hand washing, personal attitude of healthcare workers, and insufficient supply of hand washing materials. The researcher believes that through knowing the different factors that affect the compliance of hand washing among healthcare workers, it would give benefits not only among individuals but also to the community and society as a whole. Individuals, both patient and healthcare providers, protect themselves from different infectious diseases knowing that proper hand washing is the universal precaution. It would also help build a healthy community if there will be an absence or decrease incidence of infectious diseases. To the society as a whole, it would help in developing appropriate planning to identify the different solutions that would address the different factors identified. It would contribute to the different healthcare organizations and health policy makers to implement suitable actions and would hopefully achieve 100% compliance among healthcare workers and decreasing incidence rate of nosocomial infections among patients. Review of Literature A research study by assessed the knowledge, attitude, and practice of hand washing among healthcare workers in Ain-Shams University Hospital and had an inspection of 10 wards on that hospital for facilities needed for hand washing (Elaziz, 2009). A cross-sectional study was being conducted from the period of June until November 2006. For the data collection of this study, 10 infection control nurses were trained on how to carefully observe hand washing opportunities and to fill out forms needed for the study. There were three research instruments used: observation form on hand washing, form on ward inspection, and, to assess the knowledge and attitudes of healthcare workers regarding hand washing, a self-administered questionnaire was used. The results showed that doctors had a 37.5% compliance, which is significantly higher compared with the other groups of healthcare workers, but only 11.6% executed the proper hand washing correctly. Routine hand washing, which is 64.2%, was the mo st common type of hand washing that is being practiced among healthcare workers, compared with the antiseptic hand washing, which is only 3.9%. In addition, inadequate supply of paper towels was identified as another factor. Nurses were identified to have more knowledge on hand washing compared with doctors. They believed that to increase the compliance on hand washing, administrative orders and a continuous observation as well must be implemented. The researchers of this study suggested that to give solution to theses factors that affect the compliance of hand washing, there should be an implementation on multifaceted interventional behavioral hand hygiene program that would monitor and provide performance feedback, an increase in hand washing supplies, and an institutional support. McGuckin, Waterman, and Govednik (2009) studied on hand hygiene compliance rates in the United States of America. Their study is a 1-year multicenter collaboration with the use of a product/volume usage measurement. All healthcare facilities were offered the measurement program. The only criteria for enrollment that was used in the study was the site’s willingness to submit the monthly summaries of the volume of the product usage and patient bed days to a more secure protected database that is important in generating, measuring, and benchmarking reports. The sites that were enrolled were encouraged to make use of the reports in giving feedback to the healthcare workers. They received as well an implementation manual, and they would also receive a support from the researchers of the study in implementing the program at their site. The researchers made use of three reported methods of measuring the hand washing compliance. These are as follows: direct observation, healthcare wor kers self-reporting, and an indirect calculation based on the product usage of hand washing. The results showed that hand washing compliance in an intensive care unit were 26% and 36% for non-ICUs. Meanwhile, after 12months of measuring the usage of product and giving feedback, the compliance rate increased to 37% for ICUs and 51 for non-ICUs. However, the compliance rate on hand washing among healthcare workers is at or below 50%. The researchers suggested that to give solution to this, there must be a combination of monitoring and feedback to increase the compliance rate. Aziz (2013) studied on how availability of materials improved the hand hygiene compliance. The annual National Health Survey provides healthcare workers the opportunity to share their opinions on the availability on the materials used in hand washing. There were three community buildings and 31 wards that were reviewed to assess the availability of materials needed in hand washing, as well as alcohol hand rub located on wards and at entrances. The results showed based on the audit that in 30 out of 34 areas, the availability of hand washing materials was good. Both staffs in ward and in community emphasized what other materials were required for hand washing. After knowing the inadequacies, steps were made to provide these. The audit carried out made the practice of hand washing to be benchmarked across the trust and enhanced the awareness of the staff on the importance of hand washing. Therefore, as a result of this, compliance of hand washing among healthcare workers increased from 80% to 95%. A survey on hand washing practices and opinions of healthcare worker was conducted (Harris et al., 2000). The research instrument that was used in this study is a 74-question survey that was given to healthcare workers in two tertiary care hospitals. The result of the study shows that healthcare workers knew the importance and benefits of hand washing, but still, they tend to overestimate their own compliance. It also shows that healthcare workers were more concerned on the different interventions that would make hand washing easier. The different literature review from the four researches provide an explanation to conduct further studies to enhance the compliance rate of hand washing practices among healthcare workers. Alhough there are many studies conducted previously from different researchers, there is still a need to know more on the different factors why we cannot achieve a 100% compliance among the healthcare workers who were known to care and cure the sick. Methods The participants of the study are the healthcare workers, which includes the following: doctors, nurses, nursing assistants, and therapists. It will include both male and female, all types of ethnicity, and age. They must be a current employee in a long-term care facility. This research study will make use of a cross-sectional study design that will be conducted in a long-term care facility in Los Angeles in a period of 2years. The researcher will conduct a study observation where different areas in the healthcare facility will be checked. The observation will be carried out where healthcare workers usually do invasive procedures, have personal contact with the patients, and perform non-invasive procedures such as taking the vital signs of the patients and obtaining specimen for the laboratory, during waste disposal. For the data collection, it will make use of the same process that was carried out on the research study by Elaziz (2009). In collecting data, there will be two infection control nurses who will be trained on doing the hand washing observation and in filling out the observational and ward inspection form. In a covert manner, the nurses that were trained will fill out the observational form, which records whether hand washing was carried out or not and if it is carried out appropriately or not. He or she will also record the type of hand washing that was carried out by the person observed and note what type of errors that was committed when it was done incorrectly. In checking the availability of the hand washing materials, which include soaps, sinks, towels, drying materials, and hand washing posters and guidelines, a ward inspection form will be filled up. There will be three research instruments that will be used in gathering the data for this research study. The same research instruments that were used by Elaziz (2009) in her study will be used. The three research instruments are observation form of hand washing, form for ward inspection, and, to know whether there is lack of awareness and education and whether a problem on healthcare workers attitude is a factor, a self-administered questionnaire will be used as part of the research instrument. The self-administered questionnaire would assess whether lack of awareness and education, and personal attitude among healthcare are factors affecting the compliance on hand washing. The questionnaire to assess for lack of awareness and education will include different questions covering different aspects of hand washing practices, including the use of time, proper execution, and materials needed for hand washing. A Likert scale will be used in assessing the attitude of healthcare workers. Th e program that will be used for data entry, checking, and analysis will be the Statistical Package for Social Science. For the ethical consideration, the approval of the design and the different steps of the study were conducted with the different members of the infection control unit in a long-term care facility in Los Angeles, California. This study will prepare informed consent forms that will provide prospective study participants information regarding the research. The observation of hand washing practices among healthcare workers is already considered as a routine checking of infection control activities by the infection control nurses. The bias that may include in this study is information bias because participants may not provide honest answers to appear in compliance to the guideline on proper hand washing. Another bias that might happen is the measurement bias when a research cannot control for the effects of the data collection and measurement, knowing that self-administered questionnaire is one of the types of the research instrument used in this study The limitation of the study will include the possible biases that might be present especially in the data collection process, which will affect the credibility and reliability of the result of the research study, and the time and resources in conducting this research study. References Aziz, A. (2013). How better availability of materials improved hand-hygiene compliance. British Journal of Nursing, 22(8), 458–463. Elaziz, K. (2009). Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of hand washing among health care workers in Ain Shams University hospitals in Cairo. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene, 50(1), 19–25. Harris, A. D., Samore, M. H., Nafziger, R., Rosario, K. D., Roghmann, M. C., Carmeli, Y. (2000). A survey on hand washing practices and opinions of healthcare workers. Journal of Hospital Infection. doi: 10.1053/jhin.2000.0781 McGuckin, S., Waterman, R., Govednik, J. (2009). Hand hygiene compliance rates in the United States—A one-year multicenter collaboration using product/volume usage measurement and feedback. American Journal of Medical Quality. doi: 10.1177/1062860609332369

Yoga Essay -- essays research papers

The term Yoga has a few meanings. It's both a school of thought in the Hindu religion, and a system of mental and physical exercise developed by this school. All forms of yoga originated in India. People who follow this school, and practice any form of yoga are called yogis, or yogins. Students study under prolonged and careful guidance of the teacher, known as the guru. The first syllable 'gu,'; in Sanskrit means light; the second syllable, 'ru'; means light. A guru is a spiritual teacher who leads the pupil from darkness to light. Literally, yoga means 'the union of mind and body.'; In Sanskrit, the language of India, yoga means discipline. Many people in western countries practice some form of yoga exercise in hope of improving their health, and achieving peace of mind. Various forms of yoga have become popular in Europe and the United States. Transcendental Meditation is a simplified version of the yoga of Hinduism. Bhakti-Yoga involves the dedication of all actions and thoughts to a chosen God. Hatha-Yoga, stresses difficult bodily postures and breathing techniques. It has become very popular as a method of gaining and improving health. Certain people also study this form of yoga because of the control they develop over certain bodily functions. A new concept in fitness combines gentle stretching with techniques from Hatha Yoga to perform the most effective, relaxing ways of exercising. It is called Yogacise. There are other forms of yoga that are practiced in India. T...

Foreign Aid Programs are Good Politics Essay examples -- Politics Poli

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Americans have historicly had many outlooks on foreign relations and the country's proper place in them.   On one extreme is the idea that the US government should use it's power and influence as a globally acknowledged superpower to take a leading role in world affairs, to use it's military strength to help promote peace and stability.   The other side is that America is not the world's policeman, that we must put our own interests as a nation first.   The US Taxpayers Party, a recent addition to the list of nationally recognized political parties, leans clearly towards the second side.   In their party platform, which can be found at http://www.USTaxpayers.org/ustp-96p.html, they call for US withdrawal from all foreign alliances and international agencies.   The affects of many aspects of our current foreign policy make their stance partly understandable.   But it would be unreasonable to adopt such an isolationist policy with the changing dynamics in the w orld as well as our own country.         Ã‚  Ã‚   The easiest argument to restrict our dealings with the international community can be summed up in one word: the Constitution.   Many read the clauses dealing with treaties and alliances as providing a basis of foreign policy to serve the best interests of the nation (USTP Party Platform).   Nowhere does the US Constitution imply that the government is obligated or even allowed to take on the problems of the world, or to use the nation's resources to act in any way other than to directly further its interests. But the Constitution was written many years ago, when the nation was smaller, not nearly the global power it is today.   The writers had no way of predicting how much it would change in o... ... Jr.   "Sino-American Relations: Back to Basics." The   Ã‚   Electronic Newsstand.   1996.   Ã‚   http://www.enews.com/magazines/foreign_policy/archive/961001-002.html   Ã‚   (7 March 1997).    Fosters Moffet, George.   "US Foreign Policy Successes Brighten Clinton's 1996   Ã‚   Bid." The Christian Science Monitor.   1995   Ã‚   http://www.fosters.com/FOSTERS/info/d1/d2/d1/d4/d4/public/bc0925a.htm   Ã‚   (7 March 1997).       Enews 003 Sopko, John F.   "The Changing Proliferation Threat."   The Electronic   Ã‚   Newsstand.   1997   Ã‚   http://www.enews.com/magazines/foreign_policy/current/970101-002.html   Ã‚   (7 March 1997)    Speaker Whitley, Darren.   "Speaker calls for change in foreign policy." Collegian.   Ã‚   http://www.spub.ksu.edu/ISSUES/v100/SP/n116/cam-foreign-policy-whitley.   Ã‚   html   Ã‚   (7 march 1997)         

Analysis Of Wood Waste At Attwood Bay Environmental Sciences Essay

After reexamining the ROV and SCUBA transect informations, it is clear that there have been important impacts to the Marine environment caused by the lacrimation of wood at Attwood Bay. This was evidenced by the comparative volumes and distributions of wood waste nowadays on the ocean floor during the 2006 and 2009 site studies. Datas collected from the 2006 ROV and 2009 SCUBA site studies indicated that the sum of wood waste accumulated at this site has increased since the initial site visit. A greater proportion of the substrate was seeable during the 2006 study as compared to the 2009 picture footage where much of the substrate was wholly covered with wood waste and accordingly its composing could non be determined. This site exhibited low species diverseness and copiousness, in 2006 and 2009 as compared with unimpacted sites. It is good documented that accretions of bark and other woody dust on the ocean floor negatively impacts benthal infaunal and epifaunal diverseness and copiousness ( Kirkpatrick et.al 1998, Pease, 1974, Conlan, K.E. and Ellis, D.V. , 1979. and Jackson, R.G. 1986 ) . Wood waste negatively impacts benthal communities as it is known to leach potentially toxic organic compounds into the H2O, has a high biological O demand and can surround benthal ( peculiarly infaunal ) communities ( Pe ase, 1974 ) . The exact nature and impacts of wood waste leachates is non to the full understood, nevertheless these lignin-based substances are known to precipitate out in sea H2O, and believed to settle on and negatively impact benthal home grounds ( Duval, 1980 ) . Areas of bark accretion have been found to hold a higher biological O demand than environing deposits whereby take downing the dissolved O content of the superimposed H2O ( Pease, 1974 and Picard, 2002 ) . Many benthal invertebrates ( peculiarly infaunal ) are unable to last in anoxic conditions and therefore are good indexs of alterations in benthal home ground conditions ( Pease, 1974 and Samis et.al. , 1999 ) . Additionally, wood waste that accumulates on the ocean floor clutters benthic infaunal marine life ( peculiarly pelecypods ) whereby cut downing the populations of quarry species available to larger benthal marauders such as pediculosis pubiss etc. ( Picard, 2003 ) . The deficiency of pelecypods and other seeable infaunal beings ( with the exclusion of tube-dwelling windflowers ) at this site is to be expected given the sum of wood waste screen. A uninterrupted bed of wood waste hinders the colony and enlisting of many benthal beings and can cut down critical shoal nearshore habitat utilised for rise uping juveniles. ( Samis et.al,1999 ) . Many of the species observed in the study pictures were known to be more resilient to wood dust, viz. sea Cucumis sativuss ( Parastichopus californicus ) , assorted sea stars ( viz. Pycnopodia helianthoides ) , brickle stars ( Ophiuoroidea ) and assorted fish species ( Kirkpatrick et.al. 1998 ) . These species are motile and are hence less easy smo thered by wood waste accretions and are by and large suspension feeders ( brickle stars ) or detritivores and hence do non trust on a healthy infaunal community for nutrient. It is believed that sea cucumbers ( Parastichopus californicus ) provender on the abundant bug populations populating the bed of wood waste, and Sun stars are general marauders known to feed on sea Cucumis sativuss ( University of Michigan Museum of Biology, 2009 ) . As good, the high frequence of ascertained elephantine swimming sea slug ( Dendronotus flag ) was sensible given that they feed on the tentacles of the tubing brooding windflower ( Pachycerianthus fimbriatus ) and layer their eggs on the tubing. Overall the species copiousness and diverseness at this site was significantly less than comparable home grounds non impacted by logging activities. Reduced available O, coupled with potentially toxic leachates and the surrounding consequence of thick dust screen explains why a decrease in species diversene ss and population complexness is observed in countries where water-based logging has occurred, including the Attwood Bay log shit site. Past site appraisals conducted for BCTS have shown that deep-water home grounds are by and large the most to a great extent impacted by accretions of bark and other woody dust. Attwood is no exclusion, despite the fact that the shit is comparatively shallow, the impacts of wood waste have still been found to increase with depth ( Figure 5 ) . Severe impacts were found throughout the site get downing between -4 to -6m deepness and go oning beyond the furthest extent of the SCUBA transects. Datas collected from the ROV study showed these impacts widening to ( and probably beyond ) -50m deepness. Based on these observations, and observations at similar log shit sites where impacts to habitat addition with deepness, it is expected that terrible impacts at this site besides continue into deeper H2O. Although unimpacted deep-water home grounds frequently exhibit lower species diverseness and copiousnesss than shallow-water home grounds due to cut down light incursion and primary productive ness ; the species copiousness in deeper countries at this site is still less than one would anticipate to happen in countries which have non been impacted by wood lacrimation activities. Wood waste is transported in the Marine environment by moving ridges, air current and currents and frequently deposited in deep H2O countries ( Kirkpatrick et.al. 1998 ) . Conveyance of woody dust to deeper countries expands the impact country from shallower to deeper H2O. This site is non known to see important current flow and hence reduced current and tidal flushing in deeper countries has resulted in the accretion of beds of wood waste making a smothering cover over the sea floor. The slow dislocation of this deposited wood waste is besides expected to hold increased anoxic conditions for benthal beings, cut downing species diverseness and copiousness. Picard et Al. identified that impacts of wood waste can last many decennaries and even centuries ( 2003 ) . The possible exists for the deep H2O home ground impacts observed in Attwood Bay to be long permanent as these terrible impacts were observed even in 2006 after 7 old ages of inaction at the site ( Price, 2007 ) . Pulling decisions on whether or non a site is showing marks of recovery is a cardinal outlook of the appraisal procedure. While this piece of information is built-in towards decision-making, & A ; acirc ; ˆ?recovery & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢ has yet to be defined due to the limited sum of scientific information available. At present, the criterion technique for log shit appraisals incorporates merely the aggregation of macro-epifaunal information ( i.e. SCUBA and ROV picture footage and still snap ) . While this information has the ability to talk to the more obvious alterations in home ground and recovery, in the absence of more infaunal sampling ( i.e. testing sediment nucleuss for the presence of juvenile pelecypods, polychetes, and other index species ) , decisions drawn on the true province of recovery are limited. Get downing to concentrate more attempt on measuring the infaunal community at a historical log shit site may work to better our apprehension of recovery and fin ally consequence in better direction procedures.